The Relationship between Faith and Reason - 1369 Words

Ashley Reynolds STUDENT TH101: THEOLOGY MAJOR ESSAY FaithReason â€Å"Faith and Reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth† Explain the dangers for a theologian when faith and reason are divorced from each other. Use at least one example of a Christian teaching that shows the harmony of faith and reason The harmony of faith and reason are the grounds upon which many Christian teachings are built. This relationship enhances elements of both constructs, however the danger of separating reason from faith is that reason will endeavour to prove literally and most logically which would cause the ultimate goal and question to be lost in deliberation and, on the other hand, separating faith†¦show more content†¦Over time, reason will explain most aspects of the show, but would only hold 4 5 Fides et Ratio, John Paul II 94 Hebrews 11:3 evidence enough to understand the earliest moments of the show. To reach full truth, faith needs to be introduced to actually believe in the initial source of light. Furthermore to the prospect, faith and reason question what happens if the light sources goes out; for the play will not â€Å"die† as death is merely an understood element of the play.Show MoreRelated Trinity of Beliefs Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages We study different religious faiths in order to understand other people. Many people have strong religious convictions, and it would be impossible to understand them without first understanding their faith. Which is why when studying the early Western World the religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are all closely related, are examined. All three of these religions are Western, they are monotheistic, and together they form the Abramic religions. Judaism is the oldest, dating from aroundRead MoreThe Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology1444 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesof society, specifically those who think that faith and reason can never coincide. Other people, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. Similar to how as intellectuals of our Church today support this relationship, the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure also reinforced it in the thirteenth century. However, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own (sometimes differing) opinions on what the true relationship between philosophy and theology is. I believe that Aquinas’sRead MoreThe Relationship Between Philosophy And Theology1433 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, those who think that faith and reason are opposites and can never coincide. Others, though, see the two subjects of study as collaborative instead. And just as intellectuals of our Church today support the relationship which is otherwise seen as faith and reason, so too did the intellectuals Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure reinforce it in the thirteenth century. Howev er, both Aquinas and Bonaventure have their own different opinions on what the true relationship between philosophy and theologyRead MoreEssay on Kierkegaards View on Faith1045 Words   |  5 PagesKierkegaards View on Faith Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher in the mid 1800s. He is known to be the father of existentialism and was at least 70 years ahead of his time. Kierkegaard set out to attack Kant’s rational ethics and make attacks on the Christianity of our day. He poses the question, how do we understand faith? He states that faith equals the absurd. In â€Å"Fear and Trembling†, he uses the story of Abraham and his son Isaac to show an example of faith as the absurd. 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However, because a value of 1 represents a perfectly positive linear line, the low R value suggests that our line is nearly horizontal and will have a small slope. In order to find how confident we are this relationship exists we can run a t-test for R, which is included at the bottom of Table 1. The testRead MoreThe True Meaning Of Faith1725 Words   |  7 Pagesmake us believe in Faith. One might say that we live because we believe in something, no matter how the other feels about it or the way they express those feelings, and also believe in someone due to our connection to them in a distinctive way, a form of believing in faith. To clarify the real meaning of faith would mean to describe the connection between one individual to another, because to understand the meaning of faith, one need to have faith in something or someone. 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Anselm argues for this eloquently, I do not seek to understand that I may believe, but I believe in order to understand. For this also I believe, that unless I believed, I should not understand (Ch.1 Proslogion)Read MoreComparing Religion And Science From A Sociological Viewpoint1478 Words   |  6 Pagesconsider both how irrational social factors influence everything, and the relationship between faith and proof. First of all, There are a number of debates about the similarities and differences between religion with science from aspects of sociological. Then, in my opinion, is not just the science with people who are the physicist or high priests and mullah shaped to religion. Religion can be forming of culture, identity, relationship, practice, power and so on. Also, in the social constructions, science

Culture s Complex Web Of Meaning - 1309 Words

Ethnography in our textbook is defined as method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experience a culture’s complex web of meaning. Ethnography is a concept that we have explored in class that is quintessential in developing this final essay, â€Å"Performing Identity†. For my interviewee I chose Gabriel Kenneh, a Liberian- born man, whom moved to America as a young teenager to escape a Civil War that was going on in his country at the time. Throughout the course of the interview I was intrigued by our cultural and ethnic differences as well as a few similarities that we shared. His strong cultural ties allowed for a very influential ethnographic experience. The ability to analyze the experiences of others whose lives and upbringing differ from your own and then living their life as they would has tremendous learning benefits. I was fortunate enough to spend a Thursday evening with Gabriel to conduct my interview, before we actually begun the interv iew Gabriel suggested we have a round of beers first just to loosen up from the long workweek. The interview itself was basically about his time in Liberia as a child, his thoughts and experiences when he first came to America and how he lived his life today. Throughout the initial first round of questions in my interview it was evident that Gabriel’s identity marker was his cultural and ethnic background. I found the ethnic and cultural differences and similarities between us to be quite intriguing especiallyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Invisible Borders 1066 Words   |  5 Pageseveryday amongst the people. The United States of America is divided amongst different cultures. Not necessarily by the cultures themselves, but by how people are perceiving these cultures and how these cultures go against other. People perceive other cultures by seeing these cultures through filters. Filters form by one’s own experiences and viewpoints. One’s beliefs, who they are as an individual, and by what cultures they are trying to represent also form these filters. Someone could say that are divisionsRead MoreAdvertising in the 20th Century1193 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertising also helped build brand loyalty for the company. Brand loyalty helps sell other existing and new products to these same customers. | | At the peak of the 1920’s, new industries were emerging in the consumer culture which in turn sky-rocketed the advertisement business. 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The use of language is considered one of the three pillars of human development alongside affects, and cognition. The ability to link feelings into words is called translation. At around age 2 , the children s ability to use language significantly improves. Their ability to string up words to make sentences and their vocabulary knowledge is improved. THeir ability to describe their environment and come up with representative language shows up the same timeRead MoreA Few Definitions Are Necessary To Understand While Learning1668 Words   |  7 PagesA few definitions are necessary to understand while learning the complex structure of emotional intelligence and empathy. Emotional Intelligence as defined by Peter Salovey and John Mayer â€Å"is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth† (Goleman). 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Corporations draw upon established systems of meaning, selling

Strategic Management and Information Systems Technologies and Communi

Question: *Discuss the effects of managing information resources, new technologies and communication networks on the business value and competitiveness of an organisation. * Analyse the effects of information systems on strategic decision-making. * Evaluate the importance of knowledge to the management of an organisation. * Analyse an organisations ability to implement Business Continuity Planning. * Evaluate the legal and ethical requirements of an organisation from an information systems perspective. Answer: Introduction Middletons is a chain of stationary outlets that is aimed at incorporating advanced ICT solutions within their organizational structure, so as to cater to the demands of their customers (Al-Zubi, Shaban and Alnaser 2014). Besides this, the management of the organization is well aware of the very fact that the implementation of modern internet technologies would not only facilitate the process of improving the operational functionalities of the organization, but would also help them to regain their foothold in the market (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). This particular report provides an in-depth discussion on the various ICT systems that should be implemented at Middletons so as to meet their business objectives. The efficiency of E-business ventures (in the retail sector) has also been discussed, along with the ethical and security considerations that have to be made during the implementation of the project. System Implementation In the last few years, the information technology industry has come up with several customized retail oriented systems, that are aimed at facilitating the management of the complex functionalities of the domain (Erl, Puttini and Mahmood 2013). In this section of the report, a detailed discussion of some such systems would be provided: the primary objective of the discussion being making the higher management Middletons aware of benefits off the inclusion of such systems within their organizational structure. Enterprise Systems (ES): Enterprise systems are defined as large scale software packages capable of supporting the business processes of a organization, controlling the flow of information through the organization, besides assisting in the process of data collection, analysis and reporting (Galliers and Leidner 2014). However, from the hardware perspective, the computing devices, servers and data bases used for maintaining organizational data are also considered to be integral part of the enterprise system. Enterprise systems are further classified as the following: Enterprise resource planning systems or ERP systems Enterprise planning systems Customer relationship management systems (Duan and Da Xu 2012) Enterprise resource planning systems: ERP and ERP2 Enterprise resource planning systems can be considered as customized software applications, developed for the management of those integrated business applications that facilitate the process of collection, storage, analysis and reporting of organizational data (Monk and Wagner 2012). ERP systems encourage the storage of the information generate from various operational activities of the organization, like that of the product planning, service delivery, manufacturing, inventory management , marketing and sales and so on and so forth, in a common database (Clarke 2012). The data stored in this common database can be accessed or tracked in real time, thus facilitating organizational decision making process. ERP2, on the other hand is defined as that particular software application that incorporates the functionalities of transaction based enterprise resource planning (ERP) system and customer relationship planning management systems (Leon 2014). The implementation of standalone ERP systems in place of the insular systems would provide the following benefits to Middletons: Custom designed retail ERP systems are usually designed to be compatible with hardware devices like bar scanners, printers and various other hand-held devices that might be used at retail stores to maintain a record of the sales being made (Chang et al. 2014). Thus, the implementation of such an application would facilitate the process of maintaining the sales records at Middletons. The implementation of the ERP system would also facilitate the process of managing the stocks and inventories of the stationary chain (Galliers and Leidner 2014). The centralized database helps in maintaining a coherent workflow amongst the various departments, thus resulting in smooth transition of information and quicker completion of operational processes (Duan and Da Xu 2012). Last but not the least, the higher management would be able to better manage the resources located at various physical stores of the retail chain with the help of the standalone ERP system (Simmons 2016). Effective data management systems The following sections of the report contain discussions on several advanced methods of data management that could be utilized by the higher management of Middletons for the efficient storage of the organizational data Data Warehouse The Enterprise Data warehouse can be defined as repositories that contain integrated data from multiple sources, that repository being utilized for the analysis and reporting of organizational data (Belanger and Xu 2015). The implementation of data warehouses have been found to be significantly advantageous for retail organizations: such repositories help in analysis of sales reports and several other organizational data sets (Fafinski 2013). The analysis of the sales reports helps in determining the popularity of each product among the customers, the times during which the organization makes the maximum profit, the demographics of the loyal customers and so on and so forth. Such information, on the other hand, provides much assistance in the organizational decision making process. The major benefits that can be availed by the higher management of Middletons through the implementation of data warehouse systems have been enlisted in the following section: The availability of integrated data from various sources would be the primary benefit of implementing a data warehousing system in the organization: the managers would not be forced to base their decisions on limited data sources (Palmer et al. 2015). The Business intelligence modules inherent to data warehouses can also utilized by the higher management of Middletons to facilitate the management of the financial sectors of the organization, along with that of the market segmentation, the inventory and the sales of the organization (Galliers and Leidner 2014). The data warehouse would also facilitate the access to historical information based on which decisions could be taken (Wixom et al. 2014). Business Intelligence tools and analytical techniques The higher management of Middletons might also consider the implementation of the following business intelligence and analytical tools within their IT infrastructure: Data mining tools: Implementation of data mining tools within the existing Information Technology infrastructure would facilitate the process of discovering patterns in the information stored in the data warehouse (Borena, Belanger and Ejigu 2013). The identified patterns, in turn, would facilitate the process of designing marketing, sales and promotional strategies of Middletons. NoSQL: Database systems that allow the storage and retrieval of information using mechanisms other than that of tabular methods utilized in relational databases are commonly known as NoSQL database systems (Palmer et al. 2015). The implementation of NoSQL data bases would facilitate the process of storing several structured and non-structured data sets within a central database. Besides this, NoSQL databases are much easier to handle as compared to relational databases. OLAP: OLAP or Online Analytical Processing tools have recently become one of the most sought after processing techniques (Galliers and Leidner 2014). The growing popularity of this particular tool is due to the fact that it has the unique capability of retrieving data from several relational databases and facilitating multidimensional viewing and analysis of the retrieved data (Fafinski 2013). BI models within the Enterprise system: Business intelligence is one of primary techniques that are being widely used for analyzing the data generated from the operational activities of business modules (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The objectives with which organizations implement BI modules include the intelligent exploration of enterprise data, the integration and aggregation of such data sets, along with the multidimensional analysis of information collected from several resources, both external and internal to the organization (Willcocks 2013). Thus, Business intelligence modules can optionally be incorporated within the enterprise system module to gain access to large volumes of analytical information that can in turn be utilized for making managerial decisions. The implementation of mentioned technologies within the organizational infrastructure of Middletons would provide much help in maintain and analyzing the enterprise data generated by through the operational activities of the organization. The access to these technologies would improve make it possible to take effective decisions based on concrete statistical figures. E-business E-business or electronic business can be considered as the act of conducting business operations over the internet (Bi, Da Xu and Wang 2014). Electronic business operations include purchase and sale of merchandise over the internet, making services (both pre-sales and post sales) available to the customers, managing the payment procedures, managing production controls and other similar other production activities, managing partnership collaborations, running recruitment processes and so on and so forth (Wixom et al. 2014). Strategic improvements within e-business: Secure portals The secure portals, using which electronic business processes are conducted, can be classified into the following sections: Intranet: Internet, as suggested by the term itself, is essentially a network that is managed solely by personnel internal to the organization (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Intranets can be defined as private and secured online portals that are accessible only for internal operations, like that of managing communications between employees and internal departments, to collaborate with the partner organizations, and to maintain the flow of data within the organization (Duan and Da Xu 2012). Along with the above mentioned operations, organizations utilize their internet platforms for running applications like Document Management System or DMS, Content Management Systems or CMS, Human Resource management functions like that of holiday management applications and staff directories (Borena, Belanger and Ejigu 2013). Extranet: Extranets can be defined as secured online portals that are accessible to personnel external to an organization (Niu et al. 2014). Needless to say, extranets are made open to the customers and suppliers of an organization, such that they are able to communicate directly with the representatives of the organization. The extranet facilitates the communication between the stakeholders internal and external to the organization, without disclosing the confidential information of the organization (Sasidharan et al. 2012). In the light of the discussion made in the above sections, it can thus be said that both intranet and extranet platforms are to be essentially implemented within the organizational structure of Middletons, such that the organization is capable of conducting electronic business operations with their suppliers and customers. b. E-Business Software Overview: The software modules that are utilized for conducting electronic business operations can be classified under the following heads: Supply chain management systems: Supply chain management systems can be considered as integration of information technology systems and business operations, that are aimed at maintaining efficient communication between the organizations or individuals who supply raw materials or components for manufacturing items, the individuals who manufacture the product or assemble all finished products and those organization who are responsible for making the finishes products available to the customers (Anandarajan, Anandarajan and Srinivasan 2012). The inclusion of an efficient supply chain management system is essential for conducting electronic business or commerce as it is the SCM module that maintains the follow of the finished goods or services in the market. Customer Relationship Management system: Customer relationship processes can be considered as the strategies or policies undertaken by organizations to understand the need or demands of the customers, within the aim of fulfilling them and retaining the loyal customer base (Al-Zubi, Shaban and Alnaser 2014). The primary objective behind including customer relationship management modules within electronic business systems is to provide services to the customers and keep them updated with the new products or services of the organization. The higher management of Middletons should consider the inclusion of customer relationship and supply chain management systems within their electronic business modules in order to assess the needs of the customers and cater to them, besides maintaining the flow of their products in the market. Social business or s-commerce' Social commerce can be defined as the process of conducting business activities while putting social platforms in to use (Chen, Chiang and Storey 2012). Social commerce or S-commerce activities are generally conducted using social media platforms and online media tools, thus facilitating the interaction with the target customers. This customer interaction in turn increases the number of sales that are conducted over the online portal s. The implementation of S-commerce strategies within the organizational structure of Middletons would provide the following benefits to the organization: First and foremost, the strategy would provide a platform using which the loyal customers would be able to discuss about the products sold at Middletons, besides providing reviews of the said products (Davenport 2012). The very same platform would also allow the representatives of the organization to cater to the complaints or concerns raised by the customers (Sauter 2014). Mobile business or 'm-commerce': Mobile commerce can be defined as the process of conducting business operations on such platforms that are accessible by hand held smart phone devices (Tanev, Liotta and Kleismantas 2015). With the advancement of mobile technologies, the inclusion of mobile commerce strategies has become essential for all those organizations that conduct electronic commerce (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The higher management of Middletons could invest in the incorporation of the following technologies within the organizational structure: Purchase and payment: Mobile applications could be developed so as to allow the customers to buy products using smart phone devices (Chmiel et al. 2015). Such applications should also be equipped with electronic payment methods using which the customers would be able to make online payments. Location based services: The customers who use m-commerce platforms can be provided with location based services like that of region based discount coupons, providing the information regarding the status of the orders placed using the m-commerce platforms, provide the location of the nearest physical store and so on and so forth (Wixom et al. 2014). Information services: The customers of Middletons could be provided with the information regarding new schemes or products and services launched by the organization, over the m-commerce platforms (Belanger and Xu 2015). Such information would encourage the customers to avail the offers that are being provided, which in turn would increase the sales revenue of the organization. Ethics, Security and Control: The guidelines for management of IS The following sections of the report provide a detailed description of ethics and privacy guidelines that the higher management of Middletons should abide by to maintain the security of the enterprise information that remains stored in their computer network. Weaknesses in current security strategy At present, the information system of the organization is not well maintained each of the retail stores of this chain maintains an independent computer system for keeping records of the daily business operations (Leon 2014). Each of these systems is then linked with the computer system that is located at the main office. Thus, it can be assumed that the records that have been stored by each of the retail stores can easily be accessed from the main office (Borena, Belanger and Ejigu 2013). Thus, the weaknesses of the existing IT strategy of the organization can be listed as: Information privacy: At present, each of the physical stores store information in computer devices and these data sets are available to anyone who has the access to computer system located at the main office (Fafinski 2013). Thus, it is evident that the data sets are neither being stored in secured databases, not are the records protected from external access. Hence, the privacy of the enterprise information is not being maintained (Borena, Belanger and Ejigu 2013). Besides this, such dataset sets might also become the targets of unauthorized access and other similar privacy attacks, as launched by attackers. Computer misuse issues: It has already been mentioned that computer systems installed at the Middletons stores are standalone networks and since the organization does not maintain a centralized protected system, it can only be assumed that the security levels used for protecting the data sets stored in these machines are not at par to those that are used in protected data bases (Palmer et al. 2015). Such being the case, personnel who do not have the authority to access such data can access the data stored in these networks (Motiwalla and Thompson 2012). Thus, data loss and misuse of the information stored in these computer networks are some of the issues that are associated with the information system currently being used by the organization. Recommendations for security and control In order to overcome the weaknesses that have mentioned in the sections above, the following sets of recommendations are being made to the higher management of Middletons. Disaster Recovery Planning: At present, the enterprise information of Middletons is not being stored in protected databases. Thus, loss of enterprise data is one of the possible risks associated with the current system (Erl, Puttini and Mahmood 2013). The higher management of Middletons is thus being recommended to implement efficient disaster recovery strategies such that information or data sets can be recovered in case of data loss (Simmons 2016). Moreover, the disaster management policies should be incorporated in a manner such that actions to be taken previous, during and after disaster are defined well within the said strategies. Cloud Computing. Cloud computing is defined as the computing practice that encourages the utilization of remote computer networks for the storage, management and processing of data, instead of utilizing local networks for doing the same (Palmer et al. 2015). Since all the chain stores of Middletons maintain their own computer networks, cloud computing should be considered as an effective method of data storage and management (Erl, Puttini and Mahmood 2013).Thus, the higher management of Middletons is being recommended to incorporate cloud-computing platforms for the storage and management of enterprise data. Conclusion Advancements in the field of information technology resulted in the implementation of several innovative strategic solutions in the retail industry, most of these solutions being aimed at increasing the efficiency of the departmental activities of the retail sector. This, in turn, has made it possible for the retail organizations to serve their customers better and remain one-step ahead in the market competition. This particular report provides an insight to the various information technology solution systems that the higher management of Middletons must incorporate within their organization so as to stay ahead in the competitive market. The discussions made in the report indicate that the incorporation of enterprise systems and e-commerce techniques is essential for the organization at this point in time. Besides this, the report also contains certain recommendations made to the higher management of the organization: the incorporation of the recommended systems is expected to enhanc e the security of the existing computer network. References Al-Zubi, Z., Shaban, O.S. and Alnaser, N., 2014. The effect of Business Intelligence Tools on Raising the Efficiency of Modern Management Accounting.International Review of Management and Business Research,3(1), p.68. Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A. and Srinivasan, C.A. eds., 2012.Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Business Media. Belanger, F. and Xu, H., 2015. The role of information systems research in shaping the future of information privacy.Information Systems Journal,25(6), pp.573-578. Bi, Z., Da Xu, L. and Wang, C., 2014. Internet of things for enterprise systems of modern manufacturing.Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on,10(2), pp.1537-1546. Borena, B., Belanger, F. and Ejigu, D., 2013. Social Networks and Information Privacy: A Model for Low-income Countries. Chang, B.R., Tsai, H.F., Tsai, Y.C. and Chang, Y.S., 2014, April. An in-cloud enterprise resource planning system with high availability and access control authentication. InInformation Science, Electronics and Electrical Engineering (ISEEE), 2014 International Conference on(Vol. 3, pp. 1507-1511). IEEE. Chen, H., Chiang, R.H. and Storey, V.C., 2012. Business Intelligence and Analytics: From Big Data to Big Impact.MIS quarterly,36(4), pp.1165-1188. Chmiel, M.S., Hiltz-Laforge, J., Pourshahid, A. and Watts, G.A., International Business Machines Corporation, 2015.Adaptive customized presentation of business intelligence information. U.S. Patent 9,053,440. Clarke, S., 2012.Information systems strategic management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Davenport, T.H., 2012. Business intelligence and organizational decisions.Organizational Applications of Business Intelligence Management: Emerging Trends: Emerging Trends, p.1. Duan, L. and Da Xu, L., 2012. Business intelligence for enterprise systems: a survey.Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on,8(3), pp.679-687. Erl, T., Puttini, R. and Mahmood, Z., 2013.Cloud computing: concepts, technology, architecture. Pearson Education. Fafinski, S., 2013.Computer Misuse: Response, regulation and the law. Routledge. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Leon, A., 2014.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education. Monk, E. and Wagner, B., 2012.Concepts in enterprise resource planning. Cengage Learning. Motiwalla, L.F. and Thompson, J., 2012.Enterprise systems for management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Niu, N., Da Xu, L., Cheng, J.R.C. and Niu, Z., 2014. Analysis of architecturally significant requirements for enterprise systems.Systems Journal, IEEE,8(3), pp.850-857. Palmer, R.E., Carrell, D.S., Cronkite, D., Saunders, K., Gross, D.E., Masters, E., Donevan, S., Hylan, T.R. and Von Kroff, M., 2015. The prevalence of problem opioid use in patients receiving chronic opioid therapy: Computer-assisted review of electronic health record clinical notes.Pain,156(7), pp.1208-1214. Sasidharan, S., Santhanam, R., Brass, D.J. and Sambamurthy, V., 2012. The effects of social network structure on enterprise systems success: A longitudinal multilevel analysis.Information Systems Research,23(3-part-1), pp.658-678. Sauter, V.L., 2014.Decision support systems for business intelligence. John Wiley Sons. Simmons, R., 2016. The Failure of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act: Time to Take a New Approach to Regulating Computer Crime.George Washington Law Review, Forthcoming. Tanev, S., Liotta, G. and Kleismantas, A., 2015. A business intelligence approach using web search tools and online data reduction techniques to examine the value of product-enabled services.Expert Systems with Applications,42(21), pp.7582-7600. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer. Wixom, B., Ariyachandra, T., Douglas, D., Goul, M., Gupta, B., Iyer, L., Kulkarni, U., Mooney, J.G., Phillips-Wren, G. and Turetken, O., 2014. The current state of business intelligence in academia: The arrival of big data.Communications of the Association for Information Systems,34(1), p.1.

What causes Juvenile Delinquency Essay Example

What causes Juvenile Delinquency Essay Juvenile delinquency happens for many grounds. Poverty, maltreatment, and household tenseness are a few of the major ground for a kid to go a juvenile delinquent. Stairss need to be in topographic point to halt and command some of the kids that are falling through the cleft of society and going ill-adjusted grownups. Life is non ever reasonably, but that should non be a ground to perpetrate offense. Movie Synopsis Freeway is a modern return on the fairytale Small Red Riding Hood. The film depicts the battles of Vanessa Lutz in school, her place life, and so as she tries to travel to her grandma s place after her female parent and stepfather were arrested for harlotry and drug ownership. Vanessa Lutz is badly, delayed academically, due to the multiple school alterations that she endured because of her unstable childhood. Her old ages of being raised in the ghetto with her female parent and stepfather added to miss of schooling she received. Vanessa started her condemnable calling old ages ago with junior-grade offenses but this current twine of offenses started with manacling her societal worker to the bed. She did non desire to travel to foster care once more. Her last experience in Foster attention was far from good to her mental every bit good as her emotional wellness and she did non desire a repetition public presentation. Vanessa had heard of her paternal grandma, but had neer really met her or her male parent, for that affair. Before go forthing town, Vanessa went to see her fellow Chopper, an African American pack member. She wanted to state him that she is go forthing town and to inquire him to travel with her. Her programs are to happen her grandma, who lives in Northern California and who does non even know Vanessa exists. Vanessa dreams of a great life with her grandma, but does nt even cognize if the grandma is still alive or life in the same nomadic park. We will write a custom essay sample on What causes Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What causes Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What causes Juvenile Delinquency specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When the auto she is driving interruptions down on the expressway and leaves her isolated, the individual, who stops to assist Vanessa, is Bob Wolverton, a counsellor at a school for troubled male childs. He talks Vanessa into accepting a drive from him and uncovering confidant inside informations of her life. When she realizes Bob is acquiring sexually excited as he learns the inside informations about her molestation and colza by her stepfather, Vanessa gets huffy and wants out of the auto. Bob has removed the door grip from the rider side door and Vanessa can non acquire out the auto. Vanessa realizes that Bob is the I-5 Killer , she heard approximately early in the afternoon on the Channel 5 intelligence. Bob orders Vanessa to deprive off her apparels. Vanessa says that she can non acquire her bloomerss off because of her boots. Bob allows Vanessa the freedom to acquire into the back place to hold room to take her boots and bloomerss. Once in the back place, Vanessa pulls out a gun, the one her fellow gave her, orders Bob to draw off the following issue. She so asks him if he believes in God. When he says that he does, she orders him out of the auto and shoots him in the caput. She so pukes and shoots him three more times. Thinking that Bob is dead, Vanessa takes his money, recognition cards, and auto keys. Vanessa leaves Bob for dead and continues on her trip to her grandma s house. After a piece, she is hungry and she stops at a small truck stop manner cafe to acquire something to eat. When she walks into the cafe , she has blood on her custodies from Bob and frightens the waiter. Vanessa goes to the bathroom to clean up and so she eats her repast. Immediately upon go forthing the cafe , Vanessa is arrested for the attempted slaying of Bob Wolverton. At the constabulary station, a twosome of constabulary officers question Vanessa. Vanessa admits to hiting Bob Wolverton. She is concerted and shocked that he did non decease. She tells the constabulary officers that Bob is the I-5 Killer, but they do non believe her. The constabulary officers list her long list of junior-grade offenses and state her that Bob is a well-respected citizen with no anterior felon record or mental wellness issues. One of the officers starts badgering her and Vanessa becomes violent and starts hitting him, all the piece spurting racial slurs at him. She is taken off in handlocks and placed in a keeping cell until her arraignment. Vanessa refuses to demo compunction for her actions at her arraignment, take a firm standing that Bob is the I-5 Killer. Vanessa makes merriment of Bob because he has physical disablements from the shot and twits him about his colostomy bag. The justice orders Vanessa out of the courtroom, no one acknowledging that Bob admitted he is the I-5 slayer. She is placed in juvenile detainment until psychological ratings can be done. These ratings are to find her position of either an grownup wrongdoer or juvenile delinquent. Juvenile delinquent position would be considered if it is felt she can she be rehabilitated otherwise she will be tried as an grownup, if her mental capacity allows. Vanessa becomes friends with a dependent tribade and so confronted by the toughest miss i n the prison, Mesquita. Before Mesquita has a opportunity to ache Vanessa, Vanessa beats her to a mush, an act for which Vanessa receives lone parturiency. One of the constabulary officers, who was assaulted by Vanessa, has a intestine feeling at that place was more to the narrative than he had gotten from either Vanessa or from Bob Wolverton. He returns to her hometown to happen out more about Vanessa s place life. He was surprised to happen Vanessa s fellow was an African American, which was interesting to him sing the racial slurs she had spouted at him. Upon returning to the offense scene, he found antecedently overlooked grounds join forcesing Vanessa s version of the offenses. While in lone parturiency, Vanessa constructs a shiv from a toothbrush, fictile wrap, and a igniter, a accomplishment learned from her stepfather. After returning from lone parturiency, Vanessa learns the psychologists feel she would non be a suited campaigner for rehabilitation, so she will stand test as an grownup. She besides sees Bob and his married woman on telecasting and is disgusted they have been elevated to famous person position and praised for the manner they have persevered in the face of the shot by Vanessa Lutz. Vanessa, Mesquita, and a brace of duplicate misss program to get away from prison. The chance presents itself while the group is being transported in a new wave to the province prison. Vanessa and Mesquita use the shiv to kill one guard and earnestly wound the other. They steal the new wave and so happen Mesquita s fellow, where Vanessa is given a bogus ID, apparels, and a gun. Vanessa and Mesquita portion of minute of sistership, where Mesquita explains why she tried to intimidate Vanessa the first twenty-four hours she was in juvenile detainment. Mesquita said that she had wanted Vanessa to set out for her and Vanessa provinces that she would set out for her any twenty-four hours. They portion the gag and travel their separate ways. The constabulary officers eventually conclude Vanessa was stating the truth about Bob Wolverton being the I-5 slayer. They obtain a hunt warrant for Bob s house and the little shed in the backyard. In the shed, they find his hoard of kid erotica, sex playthings, and trophies from his victims is found. When confronted with some of the points, Bob s married woman, Mimi, realizes that her hubby is a consecutive liquidator and runs upstairs to perpetrate self-destruction. Bob returns place from physical therapy to happen his house surrounded by constabulary autos, so he drives off to avoid gaining control. Using the apparels, she received from Mesquita, Vanessa poses as a Hooker and lures a toilet into a back back street. Vanessa robs the toilet, forces him into the bole of his auto, and drives to where she thinks her grandma lives. As fortune would hold it, the constabulary officers realize where Vanessa might be traveling and make up ones mind to drive to her grandma s nomadic place every bit good. Upon geting at her grandma s place, Bob is dressed as Vanessa s grandma and is lying in bed waiting on Vanessa to get. Just like the wolf in the Small Red Riding Hood fairy tale, Bob has killed Vanessa s grandma and waiting to devour Vanessa. They struggle with each other, firing a gun in the hassle. Vanessa manages to strangulate Bob and emerges winning in the conflict for her life from the nomadic place. The first words out of her oral cavity to the officers were, Yall got a coffin nail? ( Bright, 1996 ) . Freeway, the film, was directed and produced by Matthew Bright in 1996. What causes Juvenile Delinquency? Introduction Juvenile delinquency has increased 33 per centum over the last decennary ( Loeber, Farrington, A ; Petechuk, 2003 ) Human existences are alone and many-sided animals. Human offspring are merely as many-sided and every bit resilient as they are different. While scientist do non cognize why or how the single personalities are formed, every individual has a different personality and handles life s state of affairss in a distinguishable individualised mode. The film, Freeway, depicts one of the worst life state of affairss in which a immature individual can be reared ( Bright, 1996 ) . The events in the film explain one possible result of a kid raised in the ghetto country of a town. In an effort to understand more exhaustively the immature people who become juvenile delinquents, the person, household, cultural and media s influence on kids will be examined. Causes of Delinquency Delinquency is defined as an antisocial or illegal behaviour or Acts of the Apostless in misdemeanor of the jurisprudence, which pertains to adults every bit good as immature people ( Encarta Dictionary: English ( North America ) , 2007 ) . Juvenile delinquency isA behavior by a juvenile characterized by antisocial behaviour that is beyond parental control and hence capable to legal action ( Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2010 ) . Some behaviours such as imbibing intoxicant are non aberrant every bit long as the individual making the imbibing is older than twenty-one old ages of age. A position wrongdoer is a juvenile, normally under the age of 18, which does something like smoking before the legal age to be able to take part in the peculiar activity. In other states, something that is seen as pervert or delinquent in the United States may or may non be seen as aberrant, but more of the norm of the state. In the United States, delinquency is determined otherwise in each single pr ovince. For case, North Carolina considers a six twelvemonth old who commits a offense to be a juvenile delinquent, where a many provinces do non hold a lawfully defined age to be classified as a juvenile delinquent. Hazard factors are legion depending upon the age of the kid when the symptoms for delinquent behaviour Begins ( Loeber, Farrington, A ; Petechuk, 2003 ) . Individual Aspects The psychological development of a kid is personal and individualised to each kid. A kid s behaviour is influence by his/her familial, emotional, cognitive, physical, and societal facets. A individual can non assist the cistrons, which he/she is born with, merely as they can non command the ability to larn. Young people, who are behind others of the same age academically, have been proven prone to condemnable behaviour. It is thought the less intelligent a individual is, the more likely to perpetrate offense he or she will be. There are many other factors, which influence a immature individual to be aberrant or non to be aberrant. This failure to show themselves suitably causes choler and defeat to construct. Many times, choler leads to depression or can take to other more terrible signifiers of mental unwellness ( Mullis, Cornille, Mullis, A ; Huber, 2004 ) . One upset, which could bespeak the possible beginnings to juvenile delinquency, is oppositional noncompliant upset ( ODD ) . Oppositional noncompliant upset is defined as a psychological upset in childhood and adolescence characterized by inordinate oppositional to inclinations to decline petitions from parents and others ( Nevid, Rathus, A ; Greene, 2008 ) . Once a kid adds to his/her rebelliousness larceny, hooky and/or even colza, the kid is considered to hold Conduct Disorder ( Cadmium ) . Conduct Disorder is defined as a psychological upset in childhood and adolescence characterized by riotous, antisocial behaviour ( Nevid, Rathus, A ; Greene, 2008 ) . Antisocial behaviour is inheritable ( Nevid, Rathus, A ; Greene, 2008 ) . Antisocial behaviours is when a person does non desire to be around others, with draws from physical contact and does non behavior appropriate for the state of affairs. Antisocial Personality Disorder ( ASP ) is defined as has been linked to a defect in a individual s frontal lobes in a survey of kids who had committed aberrant Acts of the Apostless. ( Wallace, Hesselbrock, A ; Bauer, 2006 ) . ASP is the mental unwellness linked with consecutive slayers such as Jeffery Dahmer and Ted Bundy. An single early in life normally displays symptoms of ASP, but the true manifestation is in the adolescent old ages. A job some may over expression as a forecaster of future delinquency is kiping jobs as a kid. If a kid does non have equal slumber during his/her formative old ages, cognitive every bit good as neuropsychological jobs may look during adolescence ( Gregory, Caspi, Moffitt, A ; Poulton, 2009 ) . When a kid does non acquire equal slumber, behavioural jobs emerge as a symptoms that something is incorrect. Cognitive and encephalon development depend upon acquiring adequate slumber every bit good as adequate good slumber. Good slumber is defined as slumber that includes several rhythms of rapid oculus motion ( REM ) slumber. REM slumber is of import for the processing of memories every bit good as a clip for the organic structure to rejuvenate itself. Short-run memory is converted into long-run memory during the REM slumber rhythms. A individual cycles through four phases of slumber, which takes about 90 proceedingss per rhythm. REM sleep happens at the terminal of the 4th rhythm and gets increasingly longer as the dark goes on. Dreaming occurs during REM sleep. Many times dreams are a manner for our heads to treat the twenty-four hours s events and to screen through the emotions that a individual has had. REM is besides the clip in which the organic structure is in a coma like province so that most of the blood flow is concentrated in the organic structure s nucleus and caput. It is a clip for the musculuss to loosen up and rejuvenate. A kid without equal slumber is a kid without equal cognitive map, which may act upon his/her emotional and psychological wellness in the hereafter and lead to delinquent behaviour ( Catrett, A ; Gaultney, 2009 ) . Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) is a behavior upset characterized by inordinate motor activity and n ability to concentrate one s attending. The kid is described as holding emmets in his/her bloomerss, but can non maintain his/her head on the topic at manus. The other component to ADHD is impulsivity. The kid can non do rational determinations due to the demand to travel and burying what is traveling on around him/her. These symptoms begin at an early age, sometimes every bit immature as six or seven. Medicines to battle the symptoms of ADHD can do a kid become living dead like. Vanessa, in the film Freeway, may hold been diagnosed with ADHD because of her inability to act while in category at the beginning of the film ( Bright, 1996 ) . This inability to be able to concentrate can take to diminish intelligence if non caught in its early phases. Family Aspects As portrayed in the film Freeway, kids who grow up in a violent, drug-infested place do non larn the right mode in which to show themselves or the extent of their actions has on their hereafter. Children model their parents. If parents are making aberrant behaviours, kid do non comprehend anything incorrect with making the same behaviours. Merely as Vanessa saw her female parent working the streets in order to acquire money for the household, Vanessa posed as a street girl in order to be able to travel to her grandma s at the terminal of the film. She learned how to do a shiv from her stepfather in order to get away from prison. Sometimes kids have good parents, but still travel astray from societal norms. Family is of import in organizing a kid s character. A kid needs duties, responsibilities, and near household relationships every bit good as some privileges. Communication in a household is really of import as good. Children notice the tenseness in a household no affair the cause and unfastened communicating is overriding to halt the kids from faulting themselves for it. Parents want their kids to speak to them about any jobs that may originate, but frequently do non experience the demand to let the kids to be information about household state of affairss that affect the kids. Childs who do non hold equal parental supervising are more likely to be party to condemnable activity. Single female parents working can be nerve-racking for the full household, because she is responsible for all the jobs, child care, subject, and fiscal success in the place. Bing a parent is difficult plenty when a twosome portions the duty, making an equal occupation entirely is about impossible. The more siblings a kid has the less single attending the kid will have from his/her parents. As a society, we spend less clip with our offspring than most any other coevals in history. Divorce has become an epidemic and many adult females are individual female parents by pick more than of all time earlier. Most kids do non hold a male parent in the place. Almost of every bit many kids, do non even cognize who their male parent is or neer see them on a regular footing. Women want to hold it all, calling, kids, and freedom. The household unit appears to play the most of import function in forestalling every bit good as doing juvenile delinquency. A kid that has been sexually abused is more likely to run off than any other kid ( Widom, 1996 ) . This sexually abused kid runs off believing he/she will hold a better life off from the maltreater, but more frequently than non, the runaway becomes a cocotte to last ( Widom, 1996 ) . Sexual maltreatment, physical maltreatment, and disregard are three ways that a household can help a kid into going a juvenile delinquent. A individual is more likely to be abused by a loved one or person know to the individual than by any other group of people ( Thio, 2010 ) . Poor households struggle to set nutrient on the tabular array and many times kids feel neglected or that the predicament of the household is their mistake. Making without the necessities makes a kid want the things he/she does non hold, which can take to shoplifting and other such aberrant Acts of the Apostless. Poverty in this great state is rampant. We are the greatest state on this Earth and yet we have kids that are traveling hungry and in demand of vesture. The inexpensive nutrient is non the healthiest of picks in most instances. Money worries cause many households to divide in order to have aid from the authorities. Divorce is frequently a cause for kids to go aberrant. Peer Aspects Peer force per unit area has long been seen as a ground for aberrant behaviour in kids. Groupthink is where grownups every bit good as immature people seem to lose their ability to talk or move in the right mode the more people are in the group. The term coined by societal psychologist Irving Janis ( 1972 ) , occurs when a group makes faulty determinations because group force per unit areas lead to a impairment of mental efficiency, world testing, and moral judgement ( Coon A ; Mitter, 2010 ) . Conforming to the crowd and moving as a whole alternatively as the amount of many parts is what happens to when immature people give in to peer force per unit area. Peer force per unit area is one of the hardest delinquencies to avoid. Children with physical and learning disablements are frequently taunted, which can frequently take to anger. Young people, who are behind others of the same age academically, are prone to condemnable behaviour. It is thought the less intelligent a individual is, the more likely to perpetrate offense he or she will be. Cognitive map is necessary to rationally believe about the effects in state of affairss and recognize what will go on if you are caught making a bad title. Sleep quality has been linked to fleshiness in a poulet and the egg type scenario. Some say fleshiness is caused by a deficiency of sleep quality and other say the deficiency of sleep quality causes an addition in fleshiness. Fleshiness can be a ground for a adolescent or stripling to clasp under equal force per unit area to suit in with the group and take part in delinquent activities. Young people who are corpulent have a higher rate of depression, which can take some to a feeling of weakness ( News to utilize, 2003 ) . Helplessness can ensue in deliqency because the kid does nt experience that anything he/she does is deserving while any manner. Obesity has increased quickly and some even call it an epidemic. President Obama signed a measure into jurisprudence giving the United States Department of Agriculture the to put criterions for public school tiffins in order to battle fleshiness ( Jalonick, 2010 ) . Evidence has shown kids are heavier now than at any other clip in the his tory of the United States. The chart below is a small old, but it shows that in 2002, fleshiness was about 16 per centum in both kids and adolescences. ( Buggey, T. ( 2007 ) . Social and Community Factors Teachers have to worry about their occupations, because of the No Child Left Behind policies. If pupils are non able to go through a certain per centum of trial inquiries, the school will happen instructors, who can do the pupils base on balls. The United States Government is mandating every one must go through in order for the instructor to maintain her occupation. This is a batch of force per unit area on the instructors, who so pass the force per unit area on to the pupils. Some pupils are nt able to manage the force per unit area and bead out of school. School dropouts can non acquire a driver s licence in many provinces until age 18. Many provinces do non let dropouts to work, so acquiring into problem is what is available to these immature people. The adolescents are non in school, working or making anything productive with their lives. Some have joined packs as manner of suiting in and holding some position they have non otherwise achieved. Chopper, Vanessa s fellow in the Freeway film, was a member of a pack. She did non see anything uneven about him being in a pack, it was merely a manner of life for her and him. Adolescents, who are lone wolfs, in recent old ages started perpetrating offenses at their schools. Columbine High School shot is a premier illustration of the dangers juvenile delinquents can take part in. They have nil to populate for and merely desire to hold some exhilaration. Video games have taken over the kids in this state. A kid can play war games, running from jurisprudence enforcement every bit good as hiting games. Their heads are non developed to be able to divide fact from fiction and many times, they think the individual will stand back up if they shoot them. Adolescents working while in school has been encouraged throughout the last few decennaries. Presently, working adolescents have disposable income, which affords them the chance to perpetrate aberrant Acts of the Apostless. The adolescents are more likely to smoke, thrust recklessly, and engage in other aberrant behaviours when they work while traveling to school ( Thio, 2010 ) . There is more of an chance to lie to parents and have clip with other people the same age or older in order to perpetrate these aberrant Acts of the Apostless. Music such as Rap has been blamed for force, offense, and juvenile delinquency among black every bit good as other populations of young person. ( Mahiri A ; Conner, 2003 ) . Television shows such as Jerry Springer have done more harm to America s young person by exposing them to the most aberrant and sexually expressed stuff than of all time before in history. Our corporate values have declined since the 1950s in the United States. Decision An addition of in the figure of juvenile delinquents has been observed. A 33 per centum addition has been noted in the last decennary ( Loeber, Farrington, A ; Petechuk, 2003 ) . Gangs are more prevailing in local metropoliss than of all time before. Drug related offenses are increasing. Violence depicted in films such as Freeway, is common topographic point to our immature people. Schools need to hold in topographic point plans to assist relieve some of the babe sitting that is done by instructors. As a state, we need to halt worrying about everyone else around the universe and take attention of our kids. Surveies have been done to find why we have so many juvenile delinquents and we need to so something to halt the patterned advance. Aberrant Acts of the Apostless leads to juvenile delinquents every bit good as other felons. Our immature people need to be taught the importance of remaining in school every bit good as a condemnable record can follow them for the remainder of their lives. Babies should come place with parents who have had parenting categories every bit good as CPR and first assistance categories. Changes need to be made in our state to see our most valuable resource is protected and taken attention of decently.

Human Rights Law free essay sample

The steps need to be followed to strategise printing business unit in its competitive environment:- a)Planning for a brighter future starts with analyzing inner strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Internal evaluation coupled with an environmental scan of the competitive landscape. b)Differentiate your firm It’s all about creating a unique value proposition. Start with your SWOT analysis. Everything is fair game (e. g. technology, experience, certifications, commendations, price, value, etc. ). Invest in technology Examples would include Web software that would allow customers to place and track orders, ERP suites, HR software applications, and other industry-specific technology. d)Identify new markets Typically the more avenues of distribution you have, the better off you are. If, for example, you cater to the commercial market, consider the government space or even the aerospace and the aircraft sectors. e)Enhance your Website Your Website should be optimized so that it becomes a powerful Internet marketing platform for generating sales leads contributing to both short and long-term growth of sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Rights Law or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Invest in Training Great companies realize the value of their employees and staff development. Don’t wait for the upturn to focus on training. Trained employees are more confident, productive and resilient. g)Forge strategic alliances Understand your core competencies, know what customers are looking for, and forge strategic partnerships to shore up your product and service portfolios. h)Trim costs surgically Across the board cost cutting is risky at best. Analyze expenses with your key staff, one line item at a time. This way you can make strategic cuts, one cut at a time. And most importantly should be the last resor. Optimize your advertising effort Go beyond traditional print advertising in trade journals and other publications. Be creative and don’t discount using Web-based technology (e. g. pay-per-click advertising). And be sure to track the ROI for each activity to make your money count. j)Build a strong sales force Develop a unified sales team focused on customer needs and expectations. Indeed, your sales representatives should become business partners to your customers. Following are main items of printing business:- †¢Banners, Booklets, Bookmark, Brochures and catalogs. †¢Business Cards, Calendars †¢Carbonless Forms The commercial printing industry is shifting to faster production of smaller order quantities with more color, the major benefit of digital printing over offset and other printing methods. While digital inkjet printers began at the small end of printers, technology is increasingly able to make digital printers with greater capacity. Operations Technology A typical commercial printer has different presses and binding equipment available to work on various types of jobs. The main printing process used is offset lithography, using either individual sheets (sheet fed presses) or continuous rolls of paper (web presses). Sheet fed presses print up to 16 pages of letter-sized product (a 16 page signature) at a time, at speeds up to 15,000 impressions per hour. Web presses print 32 pages at a time at speeds over 40,000 impressions per hour, and are usually used for production runs of more than 50,000 copies. Presses usually print in one, two, four, or six colors; some presses can print eight. Digital presses are still used primarily in specialty applications. Paper is the biggest individual manufacturing cost, often amounting to 25 percent of revenues. Printing papers are often coated, and are bought in sheets or rolls from distributors. Some customers provide their own paper, but most is bought for customers, with a modest price markup. Paper prices can vary significantly from year to year. Digital technology is changing the competitive landscape of the commercial printing market. Prices for digital color pages are falling below offset printing prices and companies who fall behind in the shift to digital printing are at risk. Sales Marketing The largest single market for printing services is advertising, for newspaper inserts, magazines, and direct mail materials. Although some work may be done regularly for large customers under long-term contracts (magazines, product catalogs, and phone books), most is on a project basis, often after a bidding process. Work may be episodic and many printers keep extra presses to meet anticipated peak demands. Marketing is usually done by a traditional sales force calling on potential customers. Commercial printing is a local business. Small printers can compete effectively with large ones because the small size and high variability of most printing jobs means that few economies are achieved by having larger presses. The high degree of personal attention that most print jobs require, such as client approvals of proofs and press checks during actual printing, means that customers prefer to use a local printer. Price is often a secondary consideration to quality and timeliness. Some types of printing, such as magazines and catalogs with large print runs, are more effectively handled by large printers. Innovation Coming up with innovative marketing strategies to market your business, does not have to be difficult. There are a number of paths that one can follow, which can be highly successful, to help you create marketing approach that fits one’s needs and budget. Rather than slide into the busy fourth quarter with the same old marketing bag of tricks, you can get a jump on your competitors by embracing new tactics for increasing leads and sales. Always be alert to new opportunities, ideas, to market your business. An example is you can give direct access to your regular customers through internet by remote printing software giving them a unique id account so that they can directly send the files to the work station. Finance Commercial printers generally keep low material inventories and dont require inventory financing. Receivables are generally collected within 60 days, and are sometimes financed. Equipment is often financed, or is leased. Presses have become more expensive, though more versatile, because of computerised controls and enhancements. Some printers have difficulty maintaining adequate workplace air quality standards, and emit pollutants into the air, mainly because of solvents in ink and the solvents used to clean ink from printing plates. Some printers also generate toxic wastes because of inks and solvents. Workplace safety may also be a problem, although the illness and injury rate has decreased rapidly in the past decade. Human Resources Production personnel in commercial printing plants include employees with special skills in operating complicated machines, Computer operators, Graphic Designers, Creative Designers, and lower-paid, relatively unskilled workers. The number of people employed in commercial printing has been declining in the last five years, as more of the work has become automated. The industry’s annual injury rate is comparable to the national average for all industries. Competitive Advantage A competitive advantage is one gained over competitors by offering consumers better value. You increase value by lowering prices or increasing benefits and services to justify the higher price. Differentiation and cost leadership strategies search for competitive advantage on a broad scale, while focus strategies work in a narrow market. Sometimes, businesses look for a combination strategy to please customers looking for multiple factors such as quality, style, convenience and price. Cost Leadership Strategy To practice cost leadership, organizations compete for the largest number of customers through price. Cost leadership works well when the goods or services are standardized. That way, the company can sell generic acceptable goods at the lowest prices. They can minimize costs to the company in order to minimize costs to the customer without decreasing profits. A company either sells its goods at average industry prices to earn higher profits than its competitors or it sells at below-industry prices, trying to profit by gaining the market share. Wal-Mart is an example of a company with a cost leadership strategy. Differentiation Strategy Differentiation strategy calls for a company to provide a product or service with distinctive qualities valued by customers. You draw customers because you set yourself apart from the competition. To succeed at this strategy, your business should have access to leading scientific research (or perform this research); a highly skilled and creative product development team; a strong sales and marketing team; and a corporate reputation for quality and innovation. Apple, for example, uses differentiation strategy. Focus Strategy Focus strategy is just what it sounds like: concentrate on a particular customer, product line, geographical area, market niche, etc. The idea is to serve a limited group of customers better than your competitors who serve a broader range of customers. A focus strategy works well for small but aggressive businesses. Specifically, companies that do not have the ability or resources to engage in a nationwide marketing effort will benefit from a focus strategy. Focus can be based on cost or differentiation strategy. It involves focusing the cost leadership or differentiation on a small scale. The idea is to make your company stand out within a specific market sector. Integrated Cost Leadership-Differentiation Strategy Companies that integrate strategies rather than relying on a single generic strategy are able to adapt quickly and learn new technologies. The products produced under the integrated cost leadership-differentiation strategy are less distinctive than differentiators and costs are not as low as the cost-leader, but they combine the advantages of both approaches. A somewhat distinctive product that is mid-range-priced can be a bigger draw to customers than a cheap generic product or an expensive special one. What are your perceptions on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Would you like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration? Human rights are international norms that help to protect all people every where from severe political, legal and social abuse. Example of human rights are the right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trail when charged with a crime, the right not to ne tortured, and the right to engage in political activity. These rights exist in morality and in law at the national and international levels. They are addressed primarily to governments, requiring compliance and enforcement. The main sources of the contemporary conception of human rights are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948b) and the many human rights documents and treaties that followed in international organizations such as the United Nation, the Council of Europe, the Organization of America States, and the African Union 1. The General Idea of Human Rights- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) sets out a list of over two dozen specific human rights that countries should respect and protect. These specific rights can be divided into six or more families: security rights that protect people against crimes such as murder, massacre, torture, and rape; due process rights that protect against abuses of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trial, and excessive punishment; liberty that protect freedoms in area such as belief, expression, association, assembly, and movement; political rights that protect the liberty to participate in politics through action such as communicating, assembling, protesting, voting, and serving in public office; equality rights that guarantee equal citizenship, equality before the law, and nondiscrimination; and social rights that require provision of education to all children and protections against severe poverty and starvation. a)Human Rights are political norms dealing mainly with how people should be treated by their government and institutions. b)Human rights exist as moral and /or legal rights c)Human rights are numerous (several dozen) rather then few. They presuppose criminal trials, governments funded by income taxes, and formal systems of education. d)Human rights are minimal standard. They are concern with avoiding the terrible rather than with achieving the best. Human rights are international norms covering all countries and all people living today. f)Human rights are high-priority norms. g)Human rights require robust justification that apply everywhere and support their high priority. h)Human rights are rights, but not necessarily in strict sense. As rights they have several features. One is that they have right holders and another feature of rights is that they focus on a freedom, protection, status, or benefit for the right holders (Brandt 1983, 44) 2. The Existence of Human Rights- The most obvious way in which human right exist is the as norms of national and international law created by enactment and judicial decision. At the international level, human rights norms exist because of treaties that have turned them into international law. At the national level, human rights norms exist because they have through legislative enactment, judicial decision, or custom become part of a country’s law. When rights are embedded in international law we speak of them as human rights; but when they are enacted in national law we more frequently describe them as civil or constitutional rights. As this illustrates, it is possible for a right to exist within more than one normative system at the same time. Enactment in national and international law is one of the ways in which human rights exist. But many have suggested that this is not the only way. If human rights exist only because of enactment, their availability is contingent on domestic and international political development. Many people have sought to find a way to support the idea that human rights have roots that are deeper and less subject to human decision than legal enactment. 3. Which Rights are Human Rights- Not every question of social justice or wise governance is a human rights issue. For example, a country could have too much income inequality, inadequate provision for higher education, or no national parks without violating any human rights. Deciding which norms should be counted as human rights is a matter of some difficulty. And there is continuing pressure to example lists of human rights to include new areas. Many political movements would like to see their main concerns categorized as matters of human rights, since this would publicize, promote, and legitimate their concerns at the international level. A possible result of this is â€Å"Human rights inflation† the devaluation of human rights caused by producing too much bad human rights currency (Cranston 1973, Orend 2002, Wellman 1999, Griffin 2001b). a) Civil Politics Rights- These rights are familiar from historic bills of rights such as the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) and the U. S. Bill of Rights (1791, with subsequent amendments) b) Social Rights- Beside the civil and political rights discussed, the Universal Declaration includes social (or welfare) rights. These include equality and nondiscrimination for women and minorities, access to employment opportunities, fair pay, safe and healthy working condition, the right to form trade unions and bargain collectively, social security, an adequate standard of living (covering adequate food, clothing, and housing), health care and education. c) Minority and Group Rights- Concern for the equal rights of woman and minorities is a longstanding concern of the human rights movement. Human rights documents emphasize that all people, including women and members of minority ethnic and religious group, have the same basic rights and should be able to enjoy them without discrimination. The right to freedom from discrimination figures prominently in the Universal Declaration and subsequent treaties. d) Environment Rights- Considering Environmental Rights which are often defined as rights of animals or of it. Conceived in this way they do not fit our general idea of human rights because the right holders are not human groups. But more modest formulations are possible; environment rights can be understood as rights to an environment that is healthy and safe. Such a right is human-oriented: it does not cover directly issues such as the claims of animals, biodiversity, or sustainable development. 4. Are Social Rights Genuine Human Rights- The Universal Declaration included social (or â€Å"welfare†) rights that addressed matters such as education, food, and employment. Their inclusion has been the source of much controversy (Beetham 1995). Social rights are often alleged to be statements of desirable goals but not really rights. The European Convention did not including them (although it was later amended to include the rights to education). Instead they were put a separate treaty, the European Social Charter. When the United Nations began the process of putting the rights of the Universal Declaration into international law, it followed the model of the European system by treating economic and social standards in a treaty separation from the one dealing with civil and political rights. This treaty, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (the â€Å"Social Covenant† 1966), treated these standard as rights albeit rights to be progressively realized. A Human Rights treaty usually contains three parts- †¢A list of rights. †¢A specification of what the parties are regards to this list. †¢A system to monitor and promote compliance with the agreement. 5. International Human Rights Law And Organization- International law now contains many functioning human rights treaties. A number of them have been ratified by more than three-quarters of the world’s countries. This section sketches the development of international measures to promote and protect human rights. The efforts to protect human rights through international treaties began in 1919 in the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, and the African Union. The international promotion and protection of human rights complements the legal protection of human rights at the national level a) Historical Overview: When a government violates the human rights of its residents they able to appeal to the country’s laws or bill of rights and get a court to order that the violations stop and that the government provide remedies. b) United Nations Human Rights Treaties- The First United Nations treaty was the Genocide Convention, approved in 1948-just one day before the Universal Declaration. c) Other United nations Human Rights Agencies- The UN has several agencies and court, independent of its human rights treaties, to address continuing human rights abuses. Three notable agencies are the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), which serve as a full time advocate for Human Rights with in the United Nations. †¢The High Commissioner for Human Rights. †¢The Human Rights Council. †¢The Security Council. d)Regional Human Rights Systems-Regional agreements supplements the UN system by promoting and protecting Human Rights in particular part of the world. Three regions-Europe, The America, and Africa- have formulated their own declaration and conventions for the protection and enforcement of human rights. †¢The European System. †¢The Inter American System. †¢The African System †¢Other Region of the world has yet to establish transnational human rights system. No region system exists in Asia. The International Criminal Court (ICC) is designed to prevent impunity for human rights crimes, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. †¢Promotion of Human Rights By States Means of promotional international human rights include incorporating international norms into a state’s constitutions and criminal law; creating limits on federalism, such as subordinating localities to the federal government; and promoting human rights through propaganda and education. †¢Non Governmental Organizational-Non governmental organizational such as Human Rights Watch and Doctors without Borders are extremely active at the international level in the area of human rights, war crimes, and humanitarian aid. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) allow for collaborations between local and global efforts for human rights by â€Å"translating complex international issues into activities to be undertaken by concerned citizens in their own community† (Durham 2004). †¢The Future of Human Rights Law Success in promoting human rights requires hard to achieve success in other areas including building more capable, responsive, efficient, and non corrupt government, dealing with failed states, increasing economic productivity ( to pay for the protections and service that human rights require), improving the power and status of women, improving education, and managing international tensions and conflicts. Realizing human rights worldwide is a project for centuries, not decades. Still, there are some grounds for optimism. Human rights are more widely accepted then they have ever been. They have become part of the currency of international relations, and most countries participate in the human rights system. Treaty arrangements help encourage and pressure countries to deal with their human rights problems. The human rights project continues and has not failed. An article of Human Rights Declaration Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it is independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty. Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms. Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. Article 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination. Article 8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 9. One shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile Article 10. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him. Article 11. (1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense. (2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed Article 12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family,  home or correspondence, or to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks. Article 13. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state. (2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Article 14. (1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. (2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Article 15. (1) Everyone has the right to a nationality. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality. Article 16. (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. Article 17. (1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property. Article 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Article 20. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Article 21. (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.

Free Essays on Women In Theilogy

In the Pope John Paul’s statement on women he discusses ways in which women should conduct themselves and how they should respond to certain dilemmas that may come as a result of modern cultures in society today. The Pope’s teaching is based on the scripture, God’s word and Bible principles. In his method of teaching through the Scripture, Pope John Paul, shows how God feels about women’s roles. For example, he states that God had an original plan. Man and woman were to be couple and they were to produce and be fruitful. However in society there is sin and there are problems, which can interfere with the original plan. According to Pope John Paul II, women should be teachers of peace. In section five of his statement, he states in order for women to be teachers of peace, they first have to find peace within themselves. He uses example of women throughout history that have been able to over come problems in society, such as discrimination, racism, and violence. In section Six he discusses how should have a close relationship to their children, how children should be raised in a safe yet loving environment. Because there a many factors involved in the way children turn out every part of their development, children need to be educated through ways of peace. Through a Theological method Anne E. Carr she discusses how women are often left, or they are made to feel less important than men. She points out how there is still sexism existing in certain institutions. She explains how religious and theological views of women helped create the negative perceptions of women. She also brings out how women’s voices were absent in the church. They are more often seen and not heard. Both Anne E. Carr and Pope John Paul II discuss women and they both have interesting methods of discussing women and their roles in society. However as a woman, Anne Carr, relates more and understands what women often go through. Carr points... Free Essays on Women In Theilogy Free Essays on Women In Theilogy In the Pope John Paul’s statement on women he discusses ways in which women should conduct themselves and how they should respond to certain dilemmas that may come as a result of modern cultures in society today. The Pope’s teaching is based on the scripture, God’s word and Bible principles. In his method of teaching through the Scripture, Pope John Paul, shows how God feels about women’s roles. For example, he states that God had an original plan. Man and woman were to be couple and they were to produce and be fruitful. However in society there is sin and there are problems, which can interfere with the original plan. According to Pope John Paul II, women should be teachers of peace. In section five of his statement, he states in order for women to be teachers of peace, they first have to find peace within themselves. He uses example of women throughout history that have been able to over come problems in society, such as discrimination, racism, and violence. In section Six he discusses how should have a close relationship to their children, how children should be raised in a safe yet loving environment. Because there a many factors involved in the way children turn out every part of their development, children need to be educated through ways of peace. Through a Theological method Anne E. Carr she discusses how women are often left, or they are made to feel less important than men. She points out how there is still sexism existing in certain institutions. She explains how religious and theological views of women helped create the negative perceptions of women. She also brings out how women’s voices were absent in the church. They are more often seen and not heard. Both Anne E. Carr and Pope John Paul II discuss women and they both have interesting methods of discussing women and their roles in society. However as a woman, Anne Carr, relates more and understands what women often go through. Carr points...

Business economic Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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