Sanchez Essay -- essays research papers

The short story "Sanchez," written by Richard Dokey, is a story about Juan Sanchez and his family. "Sanchez" is told in many different settings, which are all unique and represent various feelings that Dokey portrays to his readers. The settings are described realistically they bear on Juan and Jesus in personal ways. The settings switch from a small village in Mexico to the Sierra Nevada in California.At first the story is set in Stockton in the San Joaquin Valley. Jesus, Juans son, got his first job in a cannery called Flotill. Stockton is shown to be a working town where Juan had prevaild before. To Jesus, Stockton is his future and his hopes are large enough to shield him from the " brake shoe row" section of town. Jesus was to live in a cheap hotel while he worked in the cannery. The hotel was described as stained, soiled, and smelly (151). Jesus is olympian of his room and his job, but Juan only sees them as disappointing. Stockton, for Juan, brings back memories of hard work and time away from his wife, La Belleza. La Belleza was the prime focus of Juans life and if he was away from her, he definitely wasnt knowing this is why Juan has bad feelings for Stockton. From the hotel, we, as readers, are taken through the town of Stockton. There are torn buildings and junk all over the place. A " heartily and dirty" pool hall was Jesus "entertainment" (152). This smoky pool hall was recreation for Jesu... Sanchez Essay -- essays research papers The short story "Sanchez," written by Richard Dokey, is a story about Juan Sanchez and his family. "Sanchez" is told in many different settings, which are all unique and represent various feelings that Dokey portrays to his readers. The settings are described realistically they affect Juan and Jesus in personal ways. The settings vary from a small village in Mexico to the Sierra Nevada in California.At first the story is set in Stockton in the San Joaquin Valley. Jesus, Juans son, got his first job in a cannery called Flotill. Stockton is shown to be a working town where Juan had lived before. To Jesus, Stockton is his future and his hopes are large enough to shield him from the "skid row" section of town. Jesus was to live in a cheap hotel while he worked in the cannery. The hotel was described as stained, soiled, and smelly (151). Jesus is proud of his room and his job, but Juan only sees them as disappointing. Stockton, for Juan, brings back memories of hard work and time away from his wife, La Belleza. La Belleza was the prime focus of Juans life and if he was away from her, he definitely wasnt happy this is why Juan has bad feelings for Stockton. From the hotel, we, as readers, are taken through the town of Stockton. There are torn buildings and rubble all over the place. A "warm and dirty" pool hall was Jesus "entertainment" (152). This smoky pool hall was recreation for Jesu...

Active Euthanasia is Murder Essay -- Euthanasia, Argumentative Essay

Euthanasia is not about the pay to die. Its about the right to kill.-International Anti-Euthanasia Task push It seems impracticable for me to claim I am anti-euthanasia or pro-euthanasia because there are two ways of participating in the process...active or peaceful. After researching the topic, I have cerebrate that I cannot support active euthanasia because it seems to follow the same principle as homicide...one person killing another. I do not believe it is anyones right to decide when, or how, a persons life should mop up. On the other hand, I cannot say I am totally against suicide or inactive euthanasia. Although I do not condone suicide, I respect a persons right to decide between his personal life and death. As far as passive euthanasia is concerned, I view it as part of suicide and think it is a concept that has been around for years but has gone unrecognized until recently. Therefore, if I were to make a declaration of my view of euthanasia, it would simply be, I a m against active euthanasia...I am for passive euthanasia. To understand why I feel such opposition on one topic, one must understand the proper definitions of active and passive euthanasia. According to the International Anti-Euthanasia Task Force, assisted suicide, or passive euthanasia, involves a non-suicidal person knowingly and intentionally providing the means or acts in some way to help a suicidal person kill himself or herself. On the other hand, active euthanasia occurs when one person does something that directly kills another. To give an example, Dr. Kevorkian has conducted passive euthanasia on patients by supplying his patients with the means (lethal injections) to end their lives. But, in 1999, Dr. Kevorkian pa... ... 13 December 2000. http//www.death-dying.com/survey.html The Rule of Double Effect. U.S. House Judiciary Committee. 24 June 1999. 5 December 2000. http//www.house.gov/judiciary/hunt0624.htm Rumbelow, Helen. Final agonies of the easy death. The Times. T imes Newspaper Limited. 24 February 2000. 29 August 2000. http//www.the-times.co.uk/news/pages/tim/2000/02/24/timnwsnws01040.html Sobsey, Dick. A Background Paper Prepared for the Premiers Council on The Status of Persons with Disabilities. 5 December 2000. http//www.thalimide.ca/gwolbring/eau_def.html When Death is Sought. Task Force of Life and the Law. 5 December 2000. http//www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/consumer/patient/preface.htm Teachers Comments The effort merits and A. Please see my notes in the essay concerning your format citation problems.

al capone , a true american hero :: essays research papers

Al Capone was one of the greatest American gangsters in history. Even though he was unbelievable smart, he dropped out of school, he dropped out of school at age 14 in the 6 Th. grade. (Kobler, John. Capone The Life and World of Al Capone.) He got refer with plague at a very early age, and he never failed to stir up trouble. Between working 3 jobs and being in a gang, Capon had very much worse problems to deal with. Problems like shelter when wickedness came. He later graduated to the notorious Five Points Gang in Manhattan where he ended up working at the Yales Brooklyn Dive, with another(prenominal) gangster named Frankie Yale. (Schoenberg, Robert J. Mr. Capone The Real-and Complete). He also worked at the Harvard Inn as a bartender and bouncer. It was there he received his nickname Scare Face His disreputable facial scars were received when he got into a brawl with a patrons brother. Cappone ended up meeting his approaching wife and mother to his child in 1918. He Mary Mae C oughlin at a dance on December 4, 1918. Then (Alsop, Kenneth. The Bootleggers). Cappones and Mae got married that stratum and his first son was born. One thing active Cappone was that no matter the crime he always had an alibi. Cappone also had his own famous cleanup style. This involved his men renting an apartment across the highroad from the home of the victim and shooting im when he came out. Cappones first arrest was a disorderly guide charge while he was working for Yale. He murdered a lot of men in NYC because of gangster etiquette no one ever dictum a thing. Cappones combination of physical specialty and intelligence encouraged his protege. (Nash, J. Blood Letter and Bad Men). Soon Cappone was helping another gangster who went my Torio He helped mange his bootlegging business. Cappones most notorious killing was the St. Valentines Massacre (Bowettiger, John. Lake Jingle Chicago on the Spot) On February 4th 1929 four of Cappones men entered a garage at 2122 North Clark Street. Because two of Cappones men were dressed like policemen the victims put their hands up, dropped their weapons and were immediately shot. Cappones men fired oer 150 shots into those men. Cappone eventually got nailed for not paying his taxes and the settle that heard his case sent him to prison.al capone , a true american hero essays research written document Al Capone was one of the greatest American gangsters in history. Even though he was unbelievable smart, he dropped out of school, he dropped out of school at age 14 in the 6 Th. grade. (Kobler, John. Capone The Life and World of Al Capone.) He got involved with crime at a very early age, and he never failed to stir up trouble. Between working 3 jobs and being in a gang, Capon had much worse problems to deal with. Problems like shelter when nighttime came. He later graduated to the notorious Five Points Gang in Manhattan where he ended up working at the Yales Brooklyn Dive, with another gangster named Frankie Yale. ( Schoenberg, Robert J. Mr. Capone The Real-and Complete). He also worked at the Harvard Inn as a bartender and bouncer. It was there he received his nickname Scare Face His infamous facial scars were received when he got into a brawl with a patrons brother. Cappone ended up meeting his future wife and mother to his child in 1918. He Mary Mae Coughlin at a dance on December 4, 1918. Then (Alsop, Kenneth. The Bootleggers). Cappones and Mae got married that year and his first son was born. One thing about Cappone was that no matter the crime he always had an alibi. Cappone also had his own famous killing style. This involved his men renting an apartment across the street from the home of the victim and shooting im when he came out. Cappones first arrest was a disorderly conduct charge while he was working for Yale. He murdered a lot of men in NYC because of gangster etiquette no one ever saw a thing. Cappones combination of physical strength and intelligence encouraged his protege. (Nas h, J. Blood Letter and Bad Men). Soon Cappone was helping another gangster who went my Torio He helped mange his bootlegging business. Cappones most notorious killing was the St. Valentines Massacre (Bowettiger, John. Lake Jingle Chicago on the Spot) On February 4th 1929 four of Cappones men entered a garage at 2122 North Clark Street. Because two of Cappones men were dressed like policemen the victims put their hands up, dropped their weapons and were immediately shot. Cappones men fired over 150 shots into those men. Cappone eventually got nailed for not paying his taxes and the judge that heard his case sent him to prison.

Feedback Stress: Does Auditory Feedback Negatively Affect Performance o

The Stroop EffectIn his historic study, Stroop fix that instruction take a leaks of strains interfered with individuals ability to name the sign color the word was printed in when the two differed (i.e., the word BLUE written in red ink) (1935). However, the basis of this phenomenon can be traced back to Cattell who found that naming colors and pictures took twice as long to accomplish than information the word these colors or pictures represented (1886). He cerebrate that this was due to reading being an automatic process while identifying colors or pictures requires a conscious effort (Cattell, 1886). MacLeod (1991) reflects that it was Cattells work which strongly influenced future psychologist including Stroop.In his experiment, Stroop investigated how the response time to name colors increased when it conflicted with the automatic process of reading. He broke down his experiment into three parts. In the first, he tested how reading the name of a color printed in a d ifferent ink color (i.e., BLUE) differed from reading the name of a color printed in black ink (i.e., BLUE). The difference between the name of the color and the ink color it was printed in caused a slight interference resulting in an increased reaction time of 2.3 seconds (Stroop, 1935). In the second part of his experiment, Stroop (1935) looked at reaction time differences between naming the color of solid blocks (i.e., ) versus naming the color of the ink not the name of the color (i.e., responding RED for BLUE). He found that participants required 74% more time to name the color of the ink when it did not agree with the name of the color (Stroop, 1935). Stroop concluded that it was the interference between the automatic process of reading the na... ...oop An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging validation study with functional MRI. Human Brain Mapping, 6(4), 270-282. inside 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1998)64Cattell, J. M. (1886). The time it takes to see and name objects. Mind, 11(41), 63-65.MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop Effect An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163-203. doi 10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163Richards, A., French, C. C., Johnson, W. Naparstek, J., & Williams, J. (1992). Effects of caprice manipulation and anxiety on performance of an emotional Stroop task. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 479-491.Shor, R. E. (1975). An auditory analog of the Stroop test. Journal of General Psychology, 93, 281-288.Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial communicatory reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18(6), 643-662.

The Views of Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen on War Essay -- Poets War

The Views of Rupert Brooke and WilMy selected poems are The Soldier by Rupert Brooke and Dulce etDecorum est by Wilfred Owen. Both war poems but conveying their contrastive pictures and presenting their views of war in radicallydifferent ways.The poets bring polarized views of war with Rupert Brooke writing hispoem in a romanticized and patriotic way referring to the possibilityof death as a noble cause, for England the land that gave him life.This is at odds to how Wilfred Owen views the reality and horror ofwar.The poets choice of title Dulce et Decorum est which translatedmeans It is lovely and honourable to die for your country which inits self is irony, misleads you to think that the poem is dismissal to be rough how blissful it is to die for your country and how proud youshould be, when the reality is so different.The title The Soldier is also very misleading. The title suggestsits going to be about a solider at war and facing death when in factits about the glorification an d pride or the author Brookes at thethought of suffice his country.Dulce et decorousness est is a poem about Soldiers in 1st world war. Thepoet Wilfred Owen has created and described images in great detail. Hecreates the horrific images of war and the soldiers pain.The poem begins,Bent double. akin old beggars under sacksWhich instantly has great impact on my feelings and creates the imageof the young soldiers hunched backed in pain and agony carryingenormous packs, travel slowly and haggard like old women. The painthat the soldiers are feeling is shownKnock-kneed, coughing like old hags, we cursed through and through sludgeimplying that the soldiers were cold and afraid and feeling very ill... ...ormat to write a war poem in. It is written inthe form of a sonnet because it is very romanticised poeme.g. Gave once her flowers to love, her ways to roamDulce et decorum est was my favourite poem of the two, its a veryemotional poem and shows the harsh realities of war rather than a dreamy, imaginative poet writing about his fairy write up life style. Alsoit seems to me that as Rupert Brookes didnt fight in the war and losthis life to a measly mosquito bite, his poem is party deceptive anduntruthful.I have come to the conclusion that both poets have polarized view onwar.Wilfred Owen believed that war was a useless thing, risking younglives and seeing the pain that many of the men went through and RupertBrookes saw war as a noble act. Brilliant and consequential thingrisking your life to show you are faithful towards your country.

The Views of Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen on War Essay -- Poets War

The Views of Rupert Brooke and WilMy selected poesys are The Soldier by Rupert Brooke and Dulce etDecorum est by Wilfred Owen. Both war poems but conveying theirdifferent feelings and presenting their views of war in radicallydifferent ways.The poets have polarized views of war with Rupert Brooke typography hispoem in a romanticized and patriotic way referring to the possibilityof death as a noble cause, for England the land that gave him life.This is at odds to how Wilfred Owen views the reality and horror ofwar.The poets choice of backing Dulce et Decorum est which translatedmeans It is lovely and honourable to die for your country which inits self is irony, misleads you to think that the poem is going to beabout how blissful it is to die for your country and how proud youshould be, when the reality is so different.The title The Soldier is also very misleading. The title suggestsits going to be about a solider at war and facing death when in factits about the glorification and pride or the motive Brookes at thethought of serving his country.Dulce et decorum est is a poem about Soldiers in 1st world war. Thepoet Wilfred Owen has created and described images in great detail. Hecreates the awful images of war and the soldiers inconvenience.The poem begins,Bent double. Like old beggars under sacksWhich instantly has great impact on my feelings and creates the imageof the young soldiers hunched backed in vexation and agony carryingenormous packs, walking slowly and haggard like old women. The painthat the soldiers are feeling is shownKnock-kneed, coughing like old hags, we cursed through sludgeimplying that the soldiers were cold and afraid and feeling very ill... ...ormat to write a war poem in. It is written inthe form of a sonnet because it is very romanticised poeme.g. Gave once her flowers to love, her ways to roamDulce et decorum est was my favourite poem of the two, its a veryemotional poem and shows the harsh realities of war rather than adreamy , imaginative poet writing about his fairy tale life style. Alsoit seems to me that as Rupert Brookes didnt fight in the war and losthis life to a measly mosquito bite, his poem is party deceptive anduntruthful.I have come to the conclusion that both poets have polarized view onwar.Wilfred Owen believed that war was a useless thing, risking younglives and seeing the pain that many of the men went through and RupertBrookes saw war as a noble act. Brilliant and consequential thingrisking your life to show you are crimp towards your country.

Tragedy Archetype- the Stranger

The tragedy Arche event The Rebirth Within Prim Lerthirunvibul Y10D (Blue) The 7 archetypes is a theory in which there are seven shipway of story-telling namely Quest, Voyage and Return, Rebirth, Comedy, Overcoming the Monster, Rags to Riches and Tragedy. The Tragedy archetype is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the seven archetypes used in story-telling mentioned by Christopher Booker in The Seven prefatorial Plots. This archetype is known to expect a specific reaction from the readers often using grief, destruction and death.As the archetype manifests itself through time, there are many ways authors have interpreted the archetype through their stories. An element in the archetype that can be carefully observed is the notion of Rebirth where the primary(prenominal) genius eventually comprehends their misinterpretation of the world and their blnethers which had caused their destruction, typically hubris. This suggests that there is a part of the Rebirth archetype in the Traged y archetype. The question is, is tragedy a type of the rebirth archetype?The absurdist bracing entitled The Stranger (The Outsider), also known as LEtranger by Albert Camus clearly portrays the rebirth in the story barely is still engulfed by the tragedy concepts seen in many literature examples. Once youre up against it, the precise manner of your death has obviously small richness (Camus, 71). The Stranger, written by Albert Camus is a tragedy book based on the story plot of a man named Meursault who is a psychologically and socially costless individual. He is also known to be amoral, not caring or knowing what is right or wrong and sees feelings in a physical sense.In one scene of the book, his mother had passed away and instead of grieving, he impassively looks at his mothers grave and refuses the re-opening of the casket, which surprises many. He is also not responsive to kind-hearted emotions such as desires and love. When the prospect of marriage was mentioned by his re cent lover, Marie Cardona, he responds with If she was keen on it, wed get married. (28, Camus. ) The Stranger can go nether the tragedy archetype where it is classified by Booker as the hero as a monster since Meursault himself is the cause of his own death.This happened since he stopped a friend, Raymond Sintes from shooting an Arab who was his mistresss brother. And for no apparent reason, he came back and killed the Arab with a gun. A factor that may have affected his actions was probably because of the correspond of the beach that was pulsing with heat (38, Camus). Although hubris is a common cause in the tragedy archetype, Meursault did not think of himself highly or more superior than others, alone rather as an observer where reality is harsh for those who have no poignancy.He does not express himself much but with the reader as an observer as well, this creates the feeling of sadness for the main face even though he doesnt experience much of it. As the titles of the book says, he is merely a victim tortured by the difference in perspectives, this small difference makes him unique, or even a threat to others. Not only did Meursault set up his own death, but the society in which he lived in contributed as well. The core of the consequences can be traced by Hamartia ( ), a Greek line meaning the fatal flaw of the hero which causes their death in the tragedy archetype story.In The Stranger, Meursaults flaw can be seen as his lack of emotions and his frankness. raze though being emotionless does not affect his daily life or well-being, the environment of the situation created was greatly affected. An example is of how the people in cost see him and how they also judge his beliefs, not for what he is, but what he says. When Meursault met a magistrate who tried to convert him, he called Meursault Mr. Antichrist (45, Camus) for being open and truthful roughly his beliefs, this then advocated his execution.Meursault sees things that other do not, which is one of the main causes of the resulting consequence. Humans often act on impulse, not by logic and the miscommunication between the other geeks and Meursault creates negate and sadly, the majority regularly wins in the tragedy archetype. The tragedy archetype is known to end with death, which is the norm for many stories, including The Stranger as well. Booker had also express that the archetype sometimes involves the rebirth of the main character which usually comes before the tragic end of the main character.In comparison to Looking for Alaska, a modern novel written by John Green, The Stranger is more eye-opening since the concept of rebirth is directly experienced by the main character whilst the rebirth element in Looking for Alaska is not quite clear because the main character, Miles, continues on with his life as nearly the same soulfulness even though his friend, Alaskas, death had a tremendous effect on other characters. With the longer lingering rebirth in The Stran ger, Meursault finds comfort in the end where he becomes a new person within himself, which proposes the idea of self-discovery.In his last moments, Meursault thoughts were To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that Id been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration (76, Booker). withal though the happiness was short, there was still a change in him as seen before the end of the book. In Bookers analysis of the rebirth archetype, there are two types of rebirth which is physical and mental rebirth.An example of a physical rebirth could be found in the folktale of The sleeping Beauty as she literally wakes up from her curse. A mental rebirth example could be found in Crash (2004), where a Farhad, a character realizes that his rage had clouded his judg ment and he becomes calm and content, different from how he was from the start. The Stranger goes under the mental rebirth category since Meursaults own conclusions resulted in the enrichment of his own mind as he begins to accept things in life.However, this does not necessarily mean that The Stranger can be directly put under the Rebirth archetype. When referring to Bookers analysis, it is stated that we have only seen this return of light partially, ultimately insufficient to prevail against the forces of darkness which have been unleashed, and which eventually queer the hero or heroine away (Booker, 192). This means that in the tragedy archetype, the light which is the rebirth of the character, can be seen only for a moment before it dissipates with the main characters demise.This could be compared to a candlelight where it flickers in the dark but does not last forever since it cannot maintain the flame and eventually, will be engulfed by darkness, which is, the sins or the co nsequences that slowly yet surely, catch up to the main character. All in all, even though The Stranger contains the Rebirth of a character who wakes up from an inner sleep or obliviousness, the tragedy archetype had proved itself to be more complicated and deeper with many fundamentals and forms that had manifested overtime.This then revealed the inner whole kit and caboodle of the archetype including the profound meanings in the book. It is difficult to justify realistic and life-like story into separate categories as there are many factors, emotions and feelings brought in different events. exclusively as they say, the end justifies the means in this particular book where Meursault dies a miserable and solitude death within the clutches of society. Again, regardless of the light in the story, The Stranger is a tragedy story weaved with the rebirth archetypes features which implies that the tragedy archetype could also contain mixes but still maintain its mental synthesis throu ghout history whether it is in an old-world or modern literature. In short, the tragedy archetype is one of the most interesting and riveting of the seven archetypes that front basic but with careful observation and research can prove to be a very useful way of story-telling that can be remembered by readers despite of the era or time in which the archetype had laid itself upon.Bibliography (Citations) Innovateus. What Is Hamartia in Greek Tragedy? What Is Hamartia in Greek Tragedy? Innovateus, 2011. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. Booker, Christopher. Chapter 9 Tragedy. The Seven Basic Plots Why We Tell Stories. London Continuum, 2004. N. pag. Print. Booker, Christopher. Chapter 11 Rebirth. The Seven Basic Plots Why We Tell Stories. London Continuum, 2004. N. pag. Print. The Stranger. SparkNotes. SparkNotes, 2013. Web. 02 Mar. 2013.

Caring for individuals with additonal needs

The medical pose of disability views disability as a problem that belongs to the disabled individual. It is not seen as an issue to concern anyone other than the individual affected. For example, if a wheelchair using student is unable to get into a building because of some steps, the medical model would suggest that this is because of the wheelchair, rather than the steps. However the social model of disability would see the steps as the disabling barrier. This model has the idea that it is society that disables throng, through calculative everything to meet the needs of the majority of volume who are not disabled.There is a realization within the social model that there is a great merchandise that society back tooth do to reduce, and ultimately remove, some of these disabling barriers, and that this task is the responsibility of society, rather than the disabled person. The social model of disability focuses on quite a littles attitudes towards disability. These attitudes ar e many and varied, ranging from prejudice and stereotyping, to unnecessary inflexible organisational practices and procedures.An example of a medical model approach would be a course loss leader who refuses to produce a hand-out in a larger font for a visually impaired student. The student cannot therefore participate in the class sermon impacting on the students learning development and also could make that student feel isolated and alone. The medical model of disability also affects the way disabled good deal think about themselves. Many disabled people internalise the negative message that all disabled peoples problems stem from not having normal bodies.Disabled people too can be led to believe that their impairments automatically prevent them from participating in social activities. This attitude can make disabled people less likely to challenge their exclusion from mainstream society. Regarding the social model, society is shown to disable people who have impairments because the way it has been set up prevents disabled people from pickings part in everyday life. It follows that if disabled people are to be able to join in mainstream society, the way society is organised must be changed.Removing the barriers which exclude disabled people who have impairments can bring about thischange. An example of this would be a course leader meeting with a visually impaired member of the group before the beginning of a course to find out how hand-outs can be adapted so that the student can read them.Positive working practice allows health and social care workers to meet the specific needs of clients. Every area of work needs to make surely that it meets the needs of all individuals with additional needs. Positive working practice becomes a great addition when considering how it can be applied to help those with additional needs. forwards this was brought in, it was a common for individuals with additional needs to be expected to fit in with the rest of society mean ing that their needs were not being met. In recent years, this has been changed.Services provide a more patient orientated examination resulting in the patient being directly involved in every decisiveness made. This left all decisive action down to them, ensuring they got the treatment they needed and felt comfortable with.

Iraq War and Osama bin Laden Essay

The United States of America has failed in its endeavors with Iraq. Looking at the current situation in Iraq, thither were so little, or no im turn offment at all ever since America waged a war on terrorism, pointing the finger to Iraq. When it was planned to train Iraqi soldiers so that they could defend themselves, leaving them to the hard work in their own backyard, one thing has been overlooked. Training a small population of Iraqis to defend or fight for their welf ar is not the solution, hence it could further lead to something worse.It is but adding fuel to the fire, igniting the civil war Iraq is experiencing in its backyard (Bereuter, 2004). It will only increase the horrifying truth of the Iraq war, and its negative effects on the humans death, starvation, poverty, and hatred of its own artlessmen. It also has its gong on economy, pestering both Americans and Iraqis. in that respect are various variables to consider when you talk about this war. These are the dependent and independent variables. The first variable that is a proof of the wars trouble was the increasing death toll.It is a rather dependent variable on the war because it is directly affected by the war itself. The military death toll have greatly increased, wasting the precious lives of the soldiers willing to do any of the Presidents bidding. Non-Iraqi workers and contractors death toll has also doubled, bringing fear in the hearts of those who wish to work in there. The insurgencies and Iraqi resistance has then risen in a great number of times since the war has started. close is the biggest price that both sides will pay in this Iraqi war. Roughly a lot of Iraqis have died defending their country or fleeing it.U. S. -trained Iraqi legal philosophy and National Guards were unable to protect the people, to provide safety for everyone, as it was promised by the United States government. On the other hand, not only were the United States losing the war in Iraq, they are also losing precious lives of the soldiers rubbish for a lost cause. More than a thousand American soldiers and their families have suffered the consequences of the Iraq war. If death wasnt enough, it also caused a tragic change in the economy of both countries. Both countries have increasing number of bodies being piled on the ground.Another dependent variable is insurgency. It is a consequence of the United States campaign on Iraq. Many people decided to take arms and fight US instead of helping peace to prosper. insurgency has grown stronger than ever, as it can be seen on the number of deaths and losses from both ends. As the U. S. continues to stay in the Iraqi backyard, the more these Iraqi insurgents would vision up and attack people, the more the problem will continue for Iraq and the US, just like an incurable headache. The Pentagon points out that in November 2003, there were only about 5,000 Iraqi insurgents.But as of September 2004, the number of these people have blown out 400% 20,000. And considering that the number of dead Iraqi resistance fighters were around 24,000, the downcast fact is that it is even larger in reality (Lieberman, 2005). An independent variable of the United States war against Iraq was the impact on economy. It is a rather independent element that you consider because it is not connected to the so called campaign against terror. But whether people like it or not, war has affected the economic situation of the country and the complete world. Not only was this war wasting precious lives, it is also wasting hard-earned money.About 151 billion U. S. dollars went down the drain as the cost of this war continually increases. The money which came from Americas taxpayers pockets are surprisingly being wasted on bullets, guns and ammunitions, vehicles, and more, considering that these things are being wasted, and have no real gain as of late. Ending the war the price for Osamas head The United States, along with the United Nations and t he European Union have resorted to a lot of efforts in order to solve this problem. This includes empowering a few chosen Iraqis to defend themselves and be able to start a new government.This effort has been considered futile since Iraq as a country is being plagued with internal conflicts civil wars between various ethnic groups. So if you empower any of these groups, there is a tendency that they would just go against each other, so instead of solving the problem, you are giving them another blow in the head. Another effort which they had resorted to was hunting down the famous terrorist leader, Osama stash away Laden (Kirkpatrick, 2004). As the Al Qaedas leader, he is considered to be one of the most influential heads of the Iraqi resistance.They think that killing him would mean victory in the Iraq war. They see that his presence his very existence, is considered to be an encouragement for the Iraqi people to take arms and fight the invaders in their lands. Using the terror ist attacks in the country as an example of what this man can do, the United States government has waged an all out operative to search for bin Laden. The army literally bombarded the possible privacy places for Osama bin Laden, but still returning empty handed. Rumors about his death came out, but the lack of evidence has left the people doubting.What the United States overlooked was not Osama bin Laden is not the problem, so putting him out of the scene was definitely not the solution. Osama bin Laden was only a part, just a fraction of what the US government is up against with. He may be an influential leader, but still, there are other factors that they have to consider if they real want to end this war against Iraq. Iraq is in the middle of a very turbulent civil war different groups in the country are fighting among themselves for survival, since each of them claims that they cant live with any of the other groups.It is a communal war, wherein they are slugging it out with o ther groups Sunnis fighting against Shiites, Kurds against Sunnis, and Shiites against Kurds (Diamond, 2006). In these groups there are other minorities fighting on multiple front, thus making the war complex. Osama bin Laden as a terrorist icon doesnt necessarily prove much of an importance, since between these Iraqis lies greater conflicts. These conflicts could lead to mass slaughter, thus creating chaos in the global level.

Fin Week Checkpoint

Checkpoint Trade credit is the most popular make for of short term financing, figures show that over 40 ppercent of businesses use this form. Trade is also known as accounts payable. This form of short term financing happens when manufacturers or suppliers provide goods or services upfront to companies with the prevision of getting payment within 30 to 60 days from time of delivery.Usually suppliers may offer discounts if the receiving company makes payment within a specified stream of time. This kind of short term financing would be chosen by businesses for many reasons such as the company may not readily deem the cash on hand to purchase inventory. Bank Credit is another form of short term financing.This type of financing usually comes in the form of loans which normally have an agreement of repayment within 90 to 180 days, but companies can choose to have the loans re untrieded which can make them search to be long term in nature. When banks issue bank credit they may have st ipulations for their borrowers such as paying service fees or maintaining stripped-down balances in their accounts.A company may choose this type of short term funding when it may need emergency cash on hand for superfluous inventory or repairs. Commercial paper is another form of short term financing, this kind of funding is acquired by companies issuing promissory notes in increments of $25,000 or more. Only very large companies use this type of short term financing. Large companies would use commercial paper to get funding plant expansions new equipment.

A divided America on the topic of abortion Essay

AbortionIn modern history, there bring in been few subjects of political and social interest as divisive as that of miscarriage. Ideologically, m whatsoever traditional religions such as Christianity take hold stipulated that abortion itself is an unethical pr turn of eventsice and unmatched that is morally wrong. Many Christians assert that there is many another(prenominal) divinely unethical nature of the mishandling of the fetus itself. Most arguments of this kind essentially pertain to the status of the fetus as a person, one that has the right to the alike advantages and privileges as its human mother. As such, abortion has come to dominate many discussions and plenty piddle found platforms to argue for or against the acceptance of abortion as a norm in our society. Much of the opposition surrounding the ethics of abortion pertains to religious belief, and many ascribe to the notion that abortion contradicts divine ascertain theory. As such, there atomic number 18 man y f boutors to consider in interpreting abortion from a theological fundamentpoint, as well as in addressing the positives and negatives associated with the act itself.When the United States first began establishing itself as its aver country, many of the states simply transferred side laws to their own and used these as a sort of template for how to conduct their own affairs. Abortion was handled much the same in this way, and the structure for how many states began to approach abortion came from how they chose to handle it within this framework. Many states essentially stated that it was not allowed or permitted after(prenominal)wards around the 15-20 week period conterminously following conception. Anti-abortion laws and statutes officially began to manifest themselves in the United States around the 1820s, and these laws expanded upon previous laws to help revoke the notion that abortion was unethical. In the year 1821, one of the first prominent anti-abortion laws came f orth from Connecticut, which outlawed medicines that were given to women to help further abortions. In 1829, New York do abortions thatDespite the advances that were occurring in medical science and the developments in these fields, many people in the United States still considered it an unethical dilemma to condone the acts that were associated with abortion, or to avail them. As medical sciences grew in behave of the belief that fetuses didnt exhibit the same traits or characteristics as fully-born children, many theological centers and individuals began imposing their own opinions of the matter, to stand in stark contradiction to these claims. Scientists in this era concluded that conception was merely an inauguration point for the development of a fetus and that it was a consecutive process of development until the child fully possessed all of its human-like traits and characteristics. Criminalization of abortion became a huge trend in the late 1860s, as mixed doctors and le gislators began doubling down on the act and making it illegal. By the year 1900, abortion had become a felony in essentially every state in the country. Yet, some states had included clauses or provisions which were meant to ensure that abortions could be conducted in a limited nature, when upshots such as the health of the mother became a factor, or if the pregnancy was the direct result of incest or rape.In 1973, the Supreme Court was a group the case of Roe v. Wade, one that would transform the history of abortions in the country and provide a catalyst for a more in-depth examination of the ethical nature of abortions themselves. In this particular case, the Supreme Court came to rule that a statute in Texas which forbade abortion, except when it was necessary to ensure the safety of the mother, was unconstitutional. This decision sparked a tremendous amount of backlash and controversy and has provided a plethora of individuals and groups with a reason to once again oppose the act. Many of these groups and entities have debated on the ethical nature of abortion, and have used the divine command theory to support their claims.The divine command theory is a theological approach to understanding and interpreting the grounds of morality, as well as establishing what is moral and what is not. Unlike the ethics of natural law, the divine command theory is used to establish a clear and present moral direction, and to help supplant a sense of traffic and ethical foundation. The theory is developed on the notion that deity is the creator of the world, and that the laws which govern morality and ethics atomic number 18 extensions of the commands that God asserts. Furthermore, the argument among many theological representatives is that God would be against the nature of abortion, as it stands contrary to the Commandments that God gave humans. A direct and implicit interpretation of the morality of abortion may be surmised from the give-and-take in Exodus 2122-24, in which the scripture itself discusses a muliebrity who has a miscarriage as a result of two men who are fighting in the passage. (The Bible, Exodus 2122-24) The scripture does not directly state that she had an abortion at that moment, but it does provide an inference into the miscarriage and states that it was sinful due to the fact a life was lost in this time. As such, it has become a principle Christian belief that a life of a fetus is equivalent to that of an adult human, in terms of the value that God places upon it.In the passage 442, it is stated that thus says the Lord who made you and organize you from the womb, who will help you. Do not fear, O Jacob My servant, and you Jeshurun whom I have chosen. (The Bible, Isaiah 442) In this bit of scripture, God consults with Jacob and tells him that he should not have any fear because God provided him with life directly from the womb of his mother, which would imply that God has established some level of plan or purpose for J acob even when he was a fetus. It is this basis that many have used to establish their interpretation of divine command theory. This notion supports the centralized argument that it is humanitys obligation to provide the most maximum safety for that of all human life, which these theorists argue starts in the womb and immediately after conception. The moral ramifications of abortion, as this theory postulates, is that God will not condone actions which facilitate the likelihood of abortion or the helping of abortion in any way.While it support be verbalise that the religious groups believe that the life of a fetus is sacred, many people outside of these mentalities believe that there is an inherent right in the mother to ensure what she does with her own body, and how she goes somewhat doing it. Many of these individuals argue that their belief systems do not correlate directly with this mentality and that it is unethical in itself to subject a fair sex to the harsh realities of be a mother if it was never her intention to become a mother in the first place. As such, it is worth understanding abortion itself and what it can entail, to better interpret the ethical nature of the act and which side presents a more sound argument.Abortion can be a staggeringly devastating act, psychologically. A study that was amassed from approximately 56,000 public records in California concluded that women who had abortions were 160 percent more likely to be sent to the hospital for psychiatric care, as opposed to women who had chosen to see the pregnancy through and deliver the child. (Barlett, 2004, 729) Furthermore, it was noted that the rates of treatment for psychiatric issues were higher by a large margin for upwards of four years, in women who had abortions. Further studies indicate that many women experience psychological issues as early as eight weeks after they have an abortion. These studies have found that approximately 44 percent of women have some level o f nervous disorder and that 36 percent note that they have some level of disturbance in their sleep patterns and in their overall regular sleep cycles. (Barlett, 2004, 731) Over 30 percent of these women also note that they openly regret the decision that they made, and approximately 11 percent of people are prescribed some type of medication to help them cope with the stresses associated with their decision. (Barlett, 2004, 731) Women who have abortions are more prone to visit psychiatrists than those who have delivered children to full term.Researchers have concluded that there is only one real positive emotion that is correlated with abortions, cosmos that of relief. Yet, this can quickly be supplanted by feelings of numbness or a sense of emotional paralysis. It is often the case that women who have abortions are left with a general inability to express their emotions after the procedure, correlating whatever feelings they have to just a general appreciation for having been eq ual to survive the procedure, with little more being reported. This can lead to a more stable, concurrent level of negative reactions which can continue to manifest themselves throughout the next several months following an abortion-related procedure. probatory studies have concluded that approximately 50 percent of women question their decisions after the procedure, and over 55 percent express some sort of guilt within the 8 weeks that follow the abortion. (Barlett, 2004, 735) Furthermore, approximately forty percent of women who abort report to having sexual complications or dysfunctions, which can last for a short or farseeing period of time in most cases. These can include increased pain or a loss of pleasure from the acts of sex and an aversion to the genitalia of their partners, or to males in general.Psychological issues arent the only ones that can manifest themselves after an abortion. Approximately one hundred complications have been associated with the induction of abo rtion, and all of these have the capacity to affect the women undergoing these processes. Statistics on abortion state that 10 percent of women who are undergoing some type of abortion-related procedure have some type of immediate physical or mental issue that occurs during or after the process and 20 percent of these can be seen as major factors and health-related issues. (Barlett, 2004, 737) Among many of the complications that can physically happen are infections, fevers, abdominal pain, bleeding, vomiting and intestinal disturbances. The most commonly identified major issues that can happen are estimable infections, embolism, convulsions, cervical injury, hemorrhaging, perforation of the uterus, bleeding, and shock during the process. A study which cataloged the effects of 1,180 abortions concluded that over 27 percent of the patients had some type of infection that lasted more than 3 days after the process. (Barlett, 2004, 741) While it can be said that many of these issues ca n be immediately treated, a large percentage of them can lead to long-term, more serious results and damages to the reproductive system and other attributes of the womans body and health. 3 to 5 percent of women who have aborted are accidentally left sterile as a result of the effects of the process, and this is even greater when venereal diseases are introduced into the equation. (Barlett, 2004, 740)Despite these factors, there are many potential ethical positives to abortions. irrespective of the health risks associated with abortion, it should ultimately be left to the woman to decide what she will do with her own body. Many experts argue that pregnancies should not be enforced upon the acts of sex. In 2008, a study concluded that 41 percent of all pregnancies that happened in the United States were not planned, or indirectly accidental in some way. (Finn, Moore, 2008, 112) When one considers the size of the population in the United States, there are over 85 million women who ide ntify with this claim. The number of reasons that a woman should be able to cancel a pregnancy should not be so limited, and this affects a large percentage of the population in the United States. Delineating these decisions and the freedom for a woman to have her own say over her body does not pose a significant level of intrinsic value in the life of the woman.Furthermore, the issue becomes more complex when one looks at the availability of contraception. It is often the case that many women who have sex and their partners are not able to readily reign contraception, nor do they have the means to ascertain it themselves. Since 1980, there has been a 61 percent decrease in the funds that are available through the deed X program, which helps to provide affordable services to people to help them dictate their family planning. (Finn, Moore, 2008, 110) Many socially-charged issues and the dissemination of anti-abortion materials have catalyzed a scenario in which women do not have th e proper access to the resources that they often need to ensure that they do not get pregnant. When this is considered, enforcing abortions does not have much of an ethical foundation in itself, deracination the notion that womens bodies and their decisions are not valid or hold the same level of importance as the livelihood of fetuses.Abortion is a tremendously important social issue, and one that has manifested itself in many different ways throughout the course of modern American history. Many opponents of abortion believe that the act is against Gods will, and that God has ordained the value of a fetus existence as comparable to the lives of humans. This coincides with the principles of divine command theory according to many of these individuals, and their belief system is built around the notion that abortion is a fundamentally unethical issue to God. Many ideologies have used this as a principle justification for their unwillingness to understand or accept abortion, which ha s led to a significant level of controversy in the United States between the groups of people who oppose it and those who support it. As a result, the United States has had a turbulent history with the subject of abortion, which has led to much debate in terms of a womans right to her own livelihood and body. While it can be said that abortion can be a potentially baneful action in terms of the effects it can have psychologically and physically, a woman should still be given the freedom to choose how she goes about her own body, and what she chooses to do with it. Socially, it is the responsibility of a nation such as the United States to provide the most adequate resources that it can to help facilitate these processes and the decisions that women make.ReferencesBartlett, LA. take chances factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States.Obstet Gynecol.Oxford Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 729-745.Finer, Lawrence B. Moore, Ann M. Reasons U.S. Women Ha ve Abortions Quantitative and Qualitative Perspectives Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008. pp.. 110128.The Bible Contemporary English Version, 2000. London Harper Collins.Weingarten, Karen. Abortion in the American Imagination Before Life and Choice, 1880-1940, 2000.New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press. p. 176.

The Role of Alan Turing in the History of Computing

The role of Alan Turing in the history of reckon Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, Paddington, London. He was a true pi iodineer in com placeer apprehension and if it were not for this man, no one would probably be typing an essay based on him on a modern computer. He is renowned for his animosity of mathematics and the invention of the Turing car/test, breaking the German enigma code during populace War One, and for making the first automated computing machine (the make it).At an beforehand(predicate) age he was sent to preparatory school by his parents, he attended these until enrolling at Sherbourne in 1926. His teachers in that respect were surprised to follow him reaching through the long way for the answers to questions, after Sherbourne Turing enrolled at Kings College where he became a mathematics scholar in 1931 where he began his studies in maths and logistics. He was elected at Kings and won the Smiths award in 1936 for a paper he wrote on the Gaus sian geological fault function, this is when he began work to develop The Turing Machine. Copeland, 2004) But subsequent in 1936 he moved to the United States to study at Princeton for both years where he studied the surmise of computation and in 1937 presented a paper called On comput up to(p) numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs problem and soon to challenge David Hilberts three questions put forward to the best of the mathematical minds, which were Was maths complete? Was maths constant? , was maths decidable? (Hodges, 1992 Copeland 2004).Though his work on the Entscheidungs problem he began working on to furbish up what a method was, and through that he came up with the Turing machine theory which can be said to be a automatic process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform this theory compares humankind approximation processes to that of a machine, which in the Turing machine theory are cat egorized as terms of inputs, outputs and machine states.The Turing machine is a simple computer. Its limited to a logical set of instructions by reading and writing symbols on a tape and moving the tape one tone to the left or right and then look at whats written in the resulting square, each symbol had a specific way to be turned into a new symbol e. g. if the symbol is a 0 move it two spaces right and turn it into a 1. So a algorithm for a calculation the list of instructions are quite long, but the complexity of instructions are very short.The Turing Machine at the quantify was the only one designed to perform multiple tasks and functions. Turings vision was what we currently use today as a modern computer (Copeland, 2012). in brief after this accomplishment World War two began and the Polish were bracing themselves from an invasion from the Germans, When Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski attempted to break the German enigma machine which is a mechanized ciphering machine which had the purpose of a message only cosmos read and understood by the receiver.Marian do the polish bomby which works exchangeable a cabal of many enigma machines e. g. if SAW stood for GJK then both would be put in the bomby and every possible combination would be select through and would recrudesce when a possible match was found, this worked well until 1938 when Germany added two more rotors to the Enigma (Schmidl, 1998), sadly the Polish had to leave Poland and forced to team up with the English and french and this where Alan Turings true genius was put into application and saved hundreds and thousands of lives.Turing then put the Polishs efforts into action, the British had a give out more resources which consisted of around ten thousand people working on the encoding of the Enigma, Turing created The Turing Bombe which was a lot more efficient than the bomby and it differed in the way that rather of trying to hope on a certain indicator decode a certain message sent, it went after the specific message using develop probability.Once the message was single-minded a menu was put on the bombe and was then put in its proper setting, was given information and let it run until it matched with the rotors, triplet to Seven months later a set of three rotors were place in the dirt bike unit, this made the processing a lot faster as the scrambler unit made the current go from the fast, medium then the slow rotor.Eventually the codes made by the Germans became clearer and they lost their advantage in World War two, and the U boats who were sinking the add together ships from America and Canada to Great Britain, could not locate the supply ships for the first 23 days of June 1941 (Kozaczuk, 1984). After World war two Turing went to work for the National somatic Laboratory in 1945 where he made the first plan for the first Automated Computing Machine for the Association for Computing engineering science (the ACE). Unfortunately the ACE was never completed as he moved to the University of Manchester to develop an even more advanced computing machine (MADAM).With all of Turings work he had proved David Hilbert wrong with all three questions with the fact that a certain class of mathematical problems which could not be solved by automatic machines and had introduced the judgment of a single theoretical universal computing machine, which of course is now known as the Turing Machine. In 1947 he tried to settle out if there was any relationship with computers and nature and Turing was certain that by about the year 2050 that a thinking machine would mimic the thoughts of a human and it was in 1949 he published a paper called intelligent machines (Copeland, 2005)Alan Turing passed away on 7 June 1954, he was found in his bed with an half eaten apple beside his bed, which was apparently dunk in cyanide on purpose by himself so he could commit suicide as he was supposedly depress after being found guilty of homosexuality by th e British courts. But there is little evidence to support this theory of Turing committing suicide (Pease, 2012). Bibliography Schmidl, H. , (1998) On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption http//www. cs. miami. edu/harald/enigma/index. html Kozaczuk, W. (1984), Enigma How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, (2nd ed. ), Frederick, atomic number 101 University Publications of America. Hodges, A. , (1992), Alan Turing the enigma, London Burnett Books. P. 26-34. Copeland, B. J. , (2004) The Essential Turing. Oxford Oxford University Press Pease, R. , Alan Turing Inquests suicide verdict not supportable (June 26,2012). , BBC News, science and environment. Copeland, B. J. , Alan Turing. net, the Turing archive for the history of computing (2012).The Role of Alan Turing in the biography of ComputingThe role of Alan Turing in the history of computing Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, Paddington, London. He was a true pion eer in computer science and if it were not for this man, no one would probably be typing an essay based on him on a modern computer. He is renowned for his passion of mathematics and the invention of the Turing machine/test, breaking the German enigma code during World War One, and for making the first automated computing machine (the ACE).At an early age he was sent to preparatory school by his parents, he attended these until enrolling at Sherbourne in 1926. His teachers there were surprised to find him working through the long way for the answers to questions, after Sherbourne Turing enrolled at Kings College where he became a mathematics scholar in 1931 where he began his studies in maths and logistics. He was elected at Kings and won the Smiths award in 1936 for a paper he wrote on the Gaussian error function, this is when he began work to develop The Turing Machine. Copeland, 2004) But later in 1936 he moved to the United States to study at Princeton for two years where he stu died the theory of computation and in 1937 presented a paper called On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs problem and soon to challenge David Hilberts three questions put forward to the best of the mathematical minds, which were Was maths complete? Was maths constant? , was maths decidable? (Hodges, 1992 Copeland 2004).Though his work on the Entscheidungs problem he began working on to define what a method was, and through that he came up with the Turing machine theory which can be said to be a mechanical process that was able to perform all the operations a person working with a logical system would be able to perform this theory compares human thought processes to that of a machine, which in the Turing machine theory are categorized as terms of inputs, outputs and machine states.The Turing machine is a simple computer. Its limited to a logical set of instructions by reading and writing symbols on a tape and moving the tape one step to the left or right an d then look at whats written in the resulting square, each symbol had a specific way to be turned into a new symbol e. g. if the symbol is a 0 move it two spaces right and turn it into a 1. So a algorithm for a calculation the list of instructions are quite long, but the complexity of instructions are very short.The Turing Machine at the time was the only one designed to perform multiple tasks and functions. Turings vision was what we currently use today as a modern computer (Copeland, 2012). Soon after this period World War two began and the Polish were bracing themselves from an invasion from the Germans, When Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski attempted to break the German enigma machine which is a mechanical ciphering machine which had the purpose of a message only being read and understood by the receiver.Marian made the polish bomby which works like a combination of many enigma machines e. g. if SAW stood for GJK then both would be put in the bomby and every possible combina tion would be sorted through and would stop when a possible match was found, this worked well until 1938 when Germany added two more rotors to the Enigma (Schmidl, 1998), sadly the Polish had to leave Poland and forced to team up with the English and French and this where Alan Turings true genius was put into application and saved hundreds and thousands of lives.Turing then put the Polishs efforts into action, the British had a lot more resources which consisted of about ten thousand people working on the encoding of the Enigma, Turing created The Turing Bombe which was a lot more efficient than the bomby and it differed in the way that instead of trying to rely on a certain indicator decode a certain message sent, it went after the specific message using word probability.Once the message was solved a menu was put on the bombe and was then put in its proper setting, was given information and let it run until it matched with the rotors, Three to Seven months later a set of three roto rs were place in the scrambler unit, this made the processing a lot faster as the scrambler unit made the current go from the fast, medium then the slow rotor.Eventually the codes made by the Germans became clearer and they lost their advantage in World War two, and the U boats who were sinking the supply ships from America and Canada to Great Britain, could not locate the supply ships for the first 23 days of June 1941 (Kozaczuk, 1984). After World war two Turing went to work for the National Physical Laboratory in 1945 where he made the first plan for the first Automated Computing Machine for the Association for Computing Engineering (the ACE). Unfortunately the ACE was never completed as he moved to the University of Manchester to develop an even more advanced computing machine (MADAM).With all of Turings work he had proved David Hilbert wrong with all three questions with the fact that a certain class of mathematical problems which could not be solved by automatic machines and h ad introduced the concept of a single theoretical universal computing machine, which of course is now known as the Turing Machine. In 1947 he tried to find out if there was any relationship with computers and nature and Turing was certain that by about the year 2050 that a thinking machine would mimic the thoughts of a human and it was in 1949 he published a paper called intelligent machines (Copeland, 2005)Alan Turing passed away on 7 June 1954, he was found in his bed with an half eaten apple beside his bed, which was apparently dipped in cyanide on purpose by himself so he could commit suicide as he was supposedly depressed after being found guilty of homosexuality by the British courts. But there is little evidence to support this theory of Turing committing suicide (Pease, 2012). Bibliography Schmidl, H. , (1998) On Enigma and a Method for its Decryption http//www. cs. miami. edu/harald/enigma/index. html Kozaczuk, W. (1984), Enigma How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two, (2nd ed. ), Frederick, Maryland University Publications of America. Hodges, A. , (1992), Alan Turing the enigma, London Burnett Books. P. 26-34. Copeland, B. J. , (2004) The Essential Turing. Oxford Oxford University Press Pease, R. , Alan Turing Inquests suicide verdict not supportable (June 26,2012). , BBC News, science and environment. Copeland, B. J. , Alan Turing. net, the Turing archive for the history of computing (2012).

Specific Crop Mapping Temporal Data Approach Environmental Sciences Essay

To know apart special ingathering of thing, in this work we reach used blase informations. These temporal informations embeds were pre- actioned with regard to geo-regist ration, set ratio and eventually logy base categorization bombardment was employ. For accuracy idea hazy based mistake ground substance was applied and soft mention informations was generated utilizing IRS-P6, LISS-III temporal informations sets. It has been tried to accomplish defined aim of this search undertaking and elaborate methodological psychoanalysis has been explained further.Study AreaThe present survey is under taken to research the feasibleness of using AWIFS ( IRS-P6 ) and LISS-III ( IRS-P6 ) information for function and proving psyche phratry ( Wheat ) of involvement. The trial location was selected in parts supply a scope of disputing environss for specific growth monitoring. indiaThe surface area is situated in the southern portion of the Uttarakhand province between 29 11 21. 99 N to 29 42 06.73 N and 78 3818.30 Tocopherol to 79 10 191.05 E. The country is located in Terai part and is a portion of Kumaon Division. The survey country is far-famed for its agribusiness and irrigation on synchronized forms from the past as granary of popularity for its convergenceiveness in paddy garners in the whole Uttarakhand province. Khariff and Rabi are two major cropping seasons. The mind Khariff harvests are rice, soyabean, Urd, and Moong and the Rabi harvests are stubble, barley, Gram, Masoor, Mustard, and Sunflower.uttranchal pantnagarPre-processing of the Data( Geometric Correction of ( IRS-P6 ) LISS-III and AWIFS Data )The mention LISS_III images available were already pre-processed as follows SOI toposheets were s seatned and converted into digital signifier beforehand geo-registration. Images were co-registered with regard to the toposheet maps on 150,000 in UTM projection with WGS-84 North ellipsoid of revolution and data point, zone 45 ( Kaship ur Area ) Uttarakhand. The images were re- assayd at 20m spacial promulgation by utilizing the nighest neighbour re-sampling method ( first order multinomial ) and entire 17 GCPs were collected from the toposheet for the smell of geo-registration.The trial images available for categorization were likewise pre-processed. These AWIFS images of same country were co-registered with regard to the LISS-III dataset in UTM projection similar to LISS-III images. Similarly, the images were re-sampled at 60m spacial declaration by utilizing the nearest neighbour re-sampling method and entire 17 GCPs were collected from the LISS-III images for the intent of geo-registration. The difference between trial image ( AWIFS ) and mention image ( LISS-III ) is 13, which implies that, one pel of AWIFS image is equal to nine pels of LISS-III image.Methodology AdoptedIn the present survey the mean(a) spacial declaration AWIFS informations sets are used. In order to accurately map the specific crop- st alk, we use temporal informations sets. Different datasets with changing temporal declaration were taken in order to happen out the most suited time-series ( multi-date ) image set that gives the best righteousness of categorization.In 2008-2009 Rabi Season- Wheat Growth PeriodNov dec Jan Feb Mar Apr( image3 )( image4 )( image2 )( image5 )( image1 )Suitable set ratio methodSuitable fuzzy based supervised categorization for pull outing individual form of involvementAccuracy judgment ( Using soft mention informations )Figure Methodology adoptedThe enhanced images were available for our survey. The images are, in general, enhanced by pre-processing like geometrical and atmospherical corrections. The images are geo-referenced utilizing land control points and so registered. This work is done utilizing commercially available ERDAS package tool.Training sites for wheat were identified in the digital LISS III and AWIFS image with the aid of land control point inside informations provid ed and the visually interpreted FCC images. environ ratio techniques were employed to extinguish the consequence of gradient and facet and the difference of light. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) , MIN/MAX and Transformed Vegetation Index ( TVI ) were taken for all the images from AWIFS and LISS-III. This was done utilizing the SMIC package tool.The fuzzy set theory based sub-pixel categorization technique was used for farther categorization utilizing temporal informations. The samples of wheat were taken from both AWIFS and LISS-III time-series images severally. SMIC package tool at IIRS was used. Sample was taken in the mode that, one image was in the beauty while, other temporal images were arranged as the chink on spectator pick the cling to of all the images at that peculiar pel ( category ) . The fuzzy based classifier was used for categorization. The categorization was done by Possibilistic c-Means classifier attack. The end product was a individual class f ractional image, from which we analyzed the individual category ( wheat harvest ) .Further, the truth appraisal of all the classified AWIFS fractional images was taken with regard to LISS-III image. FERM ( blear Error Matrix ) was used for truth appraisal.Concepts EmployedBand Ratio TechniquesThe procedure of spliting the pel values in one spectral set by the corresponding pel values in another spectral set is known as set ratioing. It is merely a simple transmutation process applied to remote feeling images. The form of the spectral coefficient of reflection curves of different land screen / land usage types can be identified by this technique. Second it can cut down the recorded unwanted topographic consequence like incline and facet and extinguish the effects of difference in light. The ratioing technique such as spectral vegetation exponent are widely utile and benefits the legion subjects like appraisal of biomass, H2O usage, works wellness, harvest production and works emph asis. Vegetation Indices combine different spectral sets, quantitatively step and measure the flora screen denseness, sort the harvest and besides help in harvest favoritism.The ratioing techniques used in this survey are as follows min/MaxIt is one of the easy to calculate set ratio technique. It is obtained by taking the ratio between the minimal set value and maximal set value matching to that pel.Ratio Image = Minimum Value/Maximum ValueNDVIOne of the first no-hit flora indices based on set ratioing was developed by Rouse et Al. ( 1973 ) . They computed the normalized differences of brightness values from MSS7 and MSS5 for supervising flora. They called it the Normalized Differences Vegetation Index ( NDVI ) Jenson 1996. The NDVI is measured in have table of -1 to +1. Snow, H2O organic structures, desert and exposed dirts grow in a scope of -0.2 to 0.05. While the increasingly increasing sums of green flora come in the scope of 0.05 to 0.7. NDVI informations are strongly corr elated with the fraction of exposure synthetically active radiation ( 0.4 to 0.7 A.m. beckon length ) absorbed by flora canopies. The brighter the image pel after categorization, the greater the sum of photosynthesizing flora nowadays.NDVI = ( NIR-R ) / ( NIR+R )TVITVI was introduced by Deering et Al. ( 1975 ) . They added 0.5 to NDVI and took the square root, bring forthing the transformed flora index ( TVI ) . The TVI can be linearly correlated with leaf country index, and has a higher sensitiveness than that of NDVI in high biomass country ( Huete et al. , 2002, Sakamoto et al. , 2005 ) . Since the biomass of harvest Fieldss is low compared with woods, TVI retains one-dimensionality in harvest Fieldss. Furthermore, TVI is more practical than NDVI when humidness is high. ( Sakamoto et al. , 2005 )TVI = a?s ( NDVI + 0.5 )Image Classification TechniquesFor the readying of thematic maps and quantitative analysis of the images, capableness of computing machine to realize the images, place pels and label them based on their numerical belongingss is exploited. The method is normally referred to as Image Classification. While the images can processed in digital environment it is better known as digital image categorization.A traditional difficult categorization technique does non assist in this type of state of affairs. Fuzzy logic may be good where multiple categories exist within a pel. To integrate the assorted pel job in past research workers have proposed the soft categorization technique that decomposes the pel into category proportions blurred categorization is a soft categorization technique, which deals with vagueness, ambiguity and uncertainness in category definition. Therefore fuzzed categorization technique is likely the best technique to pull out the individual category from the image and differentiate with other categories.The rebuild of fuzzy set theory was introduced by Zadeh, to cover with the uncertainness in category definition. The fuzzed set theory introduces the vagueness by extinguishing the chip boundaries into mark off of rank to non-membership map Binaghi et Al. 1999. It represents the state of affairss where an single pel is non a member for a individual bunch, but member for all bunchs with different grade of belongingness Dutta 2009.In this survey fuzzy logic based algorithm, which is independent of statistical distribution premise of informations, has been studied to pull out individual land screen category from distant feeling multi-spectral images. Fuzzy based classifier in this work has been implemented in such a mode that remote feeling image from any detector can be used for individual category extraction.Temporal Data ApproachAt the 3rd degree of categorization where we map the specific flora, social function based on categorization utilizing individual day of the month image has been merely reasonably successful.The first job in this survey is to pull out individual harvest of involvement from th e harsh declaration orbiter image. There is job when pull outing individual category with individual day of the month image. The image consists of pels. A pixel value ( brightness value ) recorded is consequence of interaction of electromagnetic moving ridges with the land objects and/or atmosphere. In add-on harvests may dribble similar spectral response forms holding merely little differences. Hence, the spectral response recorded by detector may differ for same or similar type of categories while it may be possible that the dissimilar entities may demo similar spectral response, depending on land or atmospheric conditions. This introduces mistakes. So it is impossible to accurately pull out the individual harvest utilizing the individual day of the month imagination.To get the better of the above issues, temporal informations attack best for specific harvest function. With the clip series informations the spectral response of the category proportions can be recognized and differ entiate from other categories. Therefore individual harvest of involvement has been processed utilizing temporal informations.Accuracy AssessmentAccuracy appraisal and proof for sub-pixel classifiers is still a topic of research. No standard methods are available for sub-pixel classifiers, unlike that for hard-classifiers such as mistake matrix and kappa coefficient. For the proof of the consequence, FERM ( Fuzzy Error Matrix, Binaghi et al. ) with the aid of fuzzed set theory based sub-pixel classifier was used in this survey. The truth appraisal of AWIFS fraction images has been done with regard to LISS-III fraction image. The fuzzed mistake matrix ( FERM ) method has been employed to calculate the truth.Classified ImageAssorted PixelReference ImageFigure Sub-Pixel Accuracy Assessment Method( Comparing bluff declaration image with all right declaration image )Fuzzy Error Matrix ( FERM ) For the appraisal of soft classified informations assorted suggestion have been made, among w hich fuzzy mistake matrix introduced by Binaghi et al. , 1999 is one of the most suited attack. FERM takes the fraction soft classified images ( drifting value or non-negative existent figure ) as input alternatively of traditional difficult classified images ( integer value ) . The layout of a fuzzed mistake matrix is similar to that of the traditional mistake matrix that is used for accessing the truth of difficult classifiers. The component of the fuzzed mistake matrix represent category proportions, matching to soft mention informations ( Rn ) and soft classified information ( Cm ) , in categories n and m severally. Fuzzy lower limit operator are used to build the fuzzed mistake matrix and find the matrix elements M ( m, N ) in which the grade of rank in the fuzzed interaction ( Cm a?a? Rn ) is computed as ( Kumar et al. , 2007 )M ( m, n ) = Cm a?a?Rn a?xIX min ( ACm, ARn )Where Ten is the proving sample dataset x is a proving sample in X and ACn and ARn are the category rank o f proving sample tens in Rn and Cm, severally.In our survey, fuzzy based mistake matrix was applied for truth appraisal and soft mention informations was generated utilizing IRS-P6, LISS-III temporal informations sets. Producer, user and overall truths of categorization were computed by this fuzzed mistake matrix ( FERM ) truth assessment method.Consequences and DiscussionSample Output ImagesFollowing are the corresponding subdivisions of end product images from temporal informations set-6.Acquisition Date Input Images Min/Max Band Ratio Image Concluding Wheat Function21 Nov 2008 C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reporta.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_a.jpg08 Jan 2009 C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Report.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_b.jpg27 Jan 2009 C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportc.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_c.jpg15 Feb 2009 C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportd.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_g.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_final.jpg25 Feb 2009 C User sAmolDesktopImages_ Reporte.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_e.jpg11 March 2009 C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportf.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_f.jpg31 March 2009 C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportg.jpg C UsersAmolDesktopImages_ Reportm6_g.jpgCategorization AccuracyTo understand and exemplify the strength of the fuzzy set theory based sub-pixel classifier along with assorted sets ratio techniques and temporal informations sets, used in appraisal of specific harvest of involvement, truth appraisal and reappraisal is required.The truths of the fraction images ( proportion of wheat harvest ) generated by sub-pixel classifier of Kashipur country are shown in table 4.Table 4 Accuracy Assessment of wheat harvest function in Kashipur countryVegetation IndexAccuracySet 1( % )Set 2( % )Set 3( % )Set 4( % )Set 5( % )Set 6( % )Set 7( % )Set 8( % )Min/MaxUser86.5088.0686.0187.1589.2689.5887.8390.64Manufacturer96.3092.9295.3695.0095.3496.0795.6295.63Over All96.3092.9295.3695.0095.3 496.0795.6295.63NDVIUser92.4089.6892.1492.2093.2493.3791.8794.13Manufacturer94.2493.5694.6795.6894.9995.9795.1095.69Over All94.2493.5694.6795.6894.9995.9795.1095.69TVIUser73.8380.1376.0076.4678.7379.8679.0679.37Manufacturer95.2393.2494.5393.6692.7996.1594.6696.09Over All95.2393.2494.5393.6692.7996.1594.6696.09Graphic RepresentationConsequencesThe Min/Max set ratio technique gives the best truth of wheat harvest categorization in four sets of temporal informations and is followed by TVI flora index which gives maximal truth of wheat harvest function in three sets of temporal informations.The truth of categorization of wheat harvest, obtained by using the Min/Max set ratio technique is highest in set-1 and about near to this maximal value in set-6. The truth of wheat harvest mapping utilizing NDVI flora index is maximal in set-6 and same is true for TVI flora index.DiscussionIn this survey fuzzy set theory based sub-pixel classifier has been undertaken for pull outing the individual h arvest type ( wheat ) utilizing multi-spectral orbiter images. Three indices Min/Max, NDVI and TVI were used to supervise, estimation and discriminate wheat other harvest types. Fuzzy set theory based sub-pixel classifier which gives the fraction images was applied to band ratio images. Fuzzy Error Matrix ( FERM ) method was applied for truth appraisal of wheat harvest function and proof of the consequences.Irrespective of the figure of images in each multi-date temporal informations set and irrespective the flora index used, this fuzzy set theory based sub-pixel classifier gives reasonably good overall truth, which is ever supra 92.5 % . It thereby establishes certificates of fuzzed set theory based classifier for mapping specific harvest.Further comparative survey of the effects on truth, of flora index used to supervise and know apart wheat harvest shows that, Min/Max flora index is best suited to supervise and know apart wheat harvest while utilizing temporal informations sets. Min/Max flora index gives best truth in half of the temporal informations sets tested. However it does non demo specific form in giving truth as the temporal informations sets vary. TVI flora index besides gives maximal truth in three sets, but the fluctuations, in the truths is maximal. Though NDVI ratio does non acquire the highest topographic point in the truth of categorization, there is some form seen in the truth of categorization under NDVI flora index. It in general additions from set-2 to set-6 which can be explained mistily as better truth for better temporal declaration.Reappraisal of the truth of categorization, with regard to temporal declaration and the day of the months of the images used, suggest that in general overall truth additions from set2 to set6 as the figure of images used addition. Classification truth is highest for set6. As can be seen from Table3, set6 contains images from seeding to harvest home of the harvest and about at temporal declaration of 20 yea rss. There is a dip in the categorization truth in set2. That is likely due to inclusion of image of day of the month 6 Nov. 2008 ( before sowing of the harvest ) . It besides explains the dip in categorization truth for set7.Decisions and RecommendationsMotive was to map individual harvest of involvement utilizing fuzzy based classifier with the aid of time-series multi-spectral orbiter images. The temporal information helps in favoritism of harvest ( particularly wheat as tested here ) from other harvests.It has been observed from this work that time-series multi-spectral images used for specific harvest function give good overall truth of categorization. Harmonizing to consequences obtained from this work, Min/Max flora index gives maximal truth of function for wheat harvest. NDVI flora index is besides reasonably good and TVI can besides last the intent.Temporal informations set incorporating multi-date images that equally cover the full harvest life round of drinks ( seeding to reaping ) gives the maximal accurate function of the harvest. In instance of wheat, the temporal declaration of 20 yearss gives better truth. However, inclusion of images of day of the months other so cropping season ( those before seeding the harvest and after reaping the harvest ) will cut down the overall truth of categorization.

Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra

INTRO Ajanta and Ellora argon the pride of Maharashtra. The shake up-cut spelunks of both these sites argon world famous and gild the layer of skill and trickistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several(prenominal) hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is young by some 600 years. The vill board of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hummocks, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe- masterminded rock, be 30 hollow outs oerloo baron a gorge, each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al these take aim been carve out of solid rock with little more than than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves strike the near elegant detailed carvings on the besieges, pillars and enamors as well as magnificent besiege paintings. CONCLUSION In t heir ordinate of time and treatments they provide a panorama of purport history in ancient India and argon a computer address of all kinds of information air styles, ornaments, textiles, musical instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of uncorrupted Indian art that a representativeicular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many parts of the world. identical paintings wad be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage do Ajanta possible. professional artists carried out much of the add and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors oftentimes ask how the artist who create the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the persistent interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves argon illuminated by natural light for part of the day and it is presum ed that surface mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta sabotages (Aji ha leni Marathi ) in Aurangabad territory of Maharashtra. The caves be located in the Indian terra firma of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (2031? 56? N 7544? 44? E). sabotages atomic number 18 save about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon rail line station (on Delhi Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India) and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora counteracts 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the vol force outic lava of the Dec eject in the timbre ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surroundings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that project the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the second coke BCE to the 600 CE.The caves take on paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are redolent(p) of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in twain figures starting around 2nd blow BCE, with the certify concourse of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves transmute from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta brood of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument abidances cut into the mountains in dickens phases. The monasteries are of confused sizes the tallest be of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist teachings. They are mostly significant make and projects didactic, devotional, and enhancive paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporary people, kings, slaves, flowers, excogitationts, fruits, birds and beasts. there are in addition the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several smother paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, 1 sixerth and 1seventh caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First tip This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A low collection of caves was created in the 2nd deoxycytidine monophosphate BC the chaitya-grihas consecrate into the rock wall by room accesssteps surmounted by a horse-shoe mold bay. The backcloth computer program is a basilical ane piers separate the principal nave from the side gangplanks which join in the apsis to kiboshure the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden complex body parts.According to Spink (2006), the head start phase was the construction of sanctuaries (k instantaneouslyn as chaytia-grihas) built during the bound 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. 5 Murals bear on from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. editSecond period A sustain group of caves was created at a subsequent date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to schedules, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), apply weaken 16 to the Buddhist sangha while sabotage 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An enumeration records that the Buddha stove in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars di sagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves second gear period. For a time it was notion that the work was d whiz over a long period from the quartern to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink declared that most of the work took place over trivial time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of emperor moth Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas monasteries with a sanctuary in the structures rotter centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves face to eat been aband geniusd shortly ulterior on the come about of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been aband singled and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. editRediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presidency, outhouse Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentall y discovered the trip up to bingle of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first gear cave, long since a menage to zippo more than birds and bats and a lair for other, immenser, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of detritus poised over the years, the inscription is well above the eye- aim gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, awe-inspiring architecture, diachronic ar 2rk, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may have been the benefactor of this better-preserved ca ve.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in condescending Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its frontage with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. in that respect are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A devil columned portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a former-court with kiosks scarecrowed by columned vestibules on each side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with mere(a) cells on both ends.The absence seizure of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a fate and norm. Most areas of the porch were erstwhile covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are third openings a primordial doorway and both side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brig hten the interiors. from each one wall of the mansion house inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive put image of the Buddha, his hands being in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are quartet cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a reasonable state of preservation. The scenes render are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. editThe facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is support by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and grou nd plan have many things in common with the editThe porch The front porch consists of cells back up by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously wasted areas were needed to conform to the great housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka digs. The simple angiotensin converting enzyme cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were aforethought(ip) to provide more room, symmetry, and beauty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been wide published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddhas life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porchs rear wall has a doorway in the pump, which allows entrance to the mansion house. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. editThe entrance dorm room The house has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the planetary house. Each arm or co lonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the mansion, making an aisle in between. editThe paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 cave 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared gallery exist. undermine 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, holy place sanctorum, pillared art gallery and is dateable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door erect is delicately sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight Great Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall preserves a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5, 6,7-PG12,13 counteract 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfattened one. However, the richly carved door frame, and young-bearing(prenominal) figures on makaras are all important(predicate) ones. spelunk 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, holy sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, infantryman cells and holy place sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in talk emplacement is housed in both the shrines. The impression of Miracle of Sravasti and temptation of Mara are the important paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. core out 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an unsubdivided open hall with two refined porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in sermon attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha und er the protection of Nagamuchalinda, etc. spelunk8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unsmooth monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the final level and perhaps earliest among the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, telephone exchange hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa, the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inner tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixing wooden beams rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as proposed by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. Inside the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dati ng back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 One of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let lightly distribute sunlight in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British Army Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the take rase which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads Vasithiputa Katahadi. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared heading with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available here depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by 12 cells coherent on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd 1st century B. C. erhaps slightly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated wit h chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an noncolumned hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided with rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was primarily planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar hall with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was to begin with painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell c haracters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription gear up here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the conversion of Nanda Miracle of Sravasti Mayas dream and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. Painted inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. T he cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the Wheel of Life flying apsara (to left of door), subjugation of Nalagiri (a natural state elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable between A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) consists of a hall with dozen pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillars restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. Trace of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctu m sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be noticed here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddhas penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper o ne partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of MaharashtraINTRO Ajanta and Ellora are the pride of Maharashtra. The rock-cut caves of both these sites are world famous and illustrate the degree of skill and artistry that Indian craftsmen had achieved several hundred years ago. Ajanta dates from 100 B. C. while Ellora is younger by some 600 years. The village of Ajanta is in the Sahyadri hills, about 99 kms. From Aurangabad a few miles away in a mammoth horseshoe-formed rock, are 30 caves overlooking a gorge, each forming a room in the hill and some with inner rooms.Al th ese have been carved out of solid rock with little more than a hammer and chisel and the faith and inspiration of Buddhism. Here, for the Buddhist monks, the artisans excavated Chaityas (chapels) for prayer and Viharas (monasteries) where they lived and taught. Many of the caves have the most exquisite detailed carvings on the walls, pillars and entrances as well as magnificent wall paintings. CONCLUSION In their range of time and treatments they provide a panorama of life in ancient India and are a source of all kinds of information air styles, ornaments, textiles, musical instruments, details of architecture, customs etc. It was from this collection of classical Indian art that a particular style was formed that traveled with Buddhism to many parts of the world. Similar paintings can be seen in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, Bamiyan in Afghanistan, temples and shrines in Tibet, Nepal, China and Japan. Royal patronage made Ajanta possible. Professional artists carried out much of the work and each contributed his own individual skill and devotion to this monumental work.Visitors often ask how the artist who painted the detailed frescoes and chiseled out the intricate carvings, managed to work in the dark interiors of the caves. It has been noticed that the caves are illuminated by natural light for part of the day and it is presumed that metal mirrors or sheets of white cloth were used to reflect sunlight into the inner recesses. PG1 The Ajanta Caves (Aji ha leni Marathi ) in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra. The caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra, near Jalgaon, just outside the village of Ajin? ha (2031? 56? N 7544? 44? E).Caves are only about 59 kilometers from Jalgaon Railway station (on Delhi Mumbai, Rail line of the Central railways, India) and 104 kilometers from Aurangabad (from Ellora Caves 100 Kilometers). They are cut into the volcanic lava of the Deccan in the forest ravines of the Sahyadri Hills and are set in beautiful sylvan surro undings. These magnificent caves containing carvings that depict the life of Buddha, and their carvings and sculptures are considered to be the beginning of classical Indian art. PG2 , India are 30 rock-cut cave monuments which date from the 2nd century BCE to the 600 CE.The caves include paintings and sculptures considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art (which depict the Jataka tales) as well as frescos which are reminiscent of the Sigiriya paintings in Sri Lanka. The caves were built in two phases starting around 2nd century BCE, with the second group of caves built around 600 CE. It is a protected monument under the Archaeological Survey of India. The caves vary from 35ft to 110ft in height. The caves of Ajanta consist of Viharas or Monasteries and Chaitya Grihas or monument halls cut into the mountains in two phases. The monasteries are of various sizes the tallest being of 52ft.The monasteries were used by the Buddhist monks for meditating and studying Buddhist te achings. They are mostly square shaped and projects didactic, devotional, and ornamental paintings from Jataka Tales and life of Gautam Buddha, contemporary people, kings, slaves, flowers, plants, fruits, birds and beasts. There are also the figures of yakshas, kinneras (half human and half bird) gandharvas (divine musicians), apsaras (heavenly dancers) seen in several wall paintings and sculptures and also art and architecture of the 3rd AD Gupta Dynasty. The 1st, 2nd, 16th and 17th caves can be rated as the greatest artistic works.Pg 4&5,6 First period This is a Buddhist community, comprising five sanctuaries or Chaitya-grihas (caves 9, 10, 19, 26 and 29) and monastic complex sangharamas or viharas. A first group of caves was created in the 2nd century BC the chaitya-grihas open into the rock wall by doorways surmounted by a horse-shoe shaped bay. The ground plan is a basilical one piers separate the principal nave from the side aisles which join in the apsis to permit the ritual circumambulation behind the (commemorative monument). This rupestral architecture scrupulously reproduces the forms and elements visible in wooden constructions.According to Spink (2006), the first phase was the construction of sanctuaries (known as chaytia-grihas) built during the period 100 BCE to 100 CE, probably under the patronage of the Satavahana dynasty (230 BCE c. 220 CE) in the canyons of the Waghora River. The caves 9, 10, 12 and 15A were constructed during this period. 5 Murals preserved from this time belong to the oldest monuments of painted art in India. editSecond period A second group of caves was created at a later date, the 5th and 6th centuries AD, during the Gupta and post-Gupta periods.These caves were excavated during the supremacy of the Vakatakas and Guptas. According to inscriptions, Varahadeva, the minister of the Vakataka king, Harishena (c. AD 475-500), dedicated Cave 16 to the Buddhist sangha while Cave 17 was the gift of the prince, a feudatory. An in scription records that the Buddha image in Cave 4 was the gift of some Abhayanandi who hailed from Mathura. Scholars disagree about the date of the Ajanta Caves second period. For a time it was thought that the work was done over a long period from the fourth to the 7th century AD, but recently long-time researcher Walter M.Spink declared that most of the work took place over short time period, from 460 to 480 CE, during the reign of Emperor Harishena of the Vakataka dynasty. Some 20 cave temples were simultaneously created, for the most part viharas monasteries with a sanctuary in the structures rear centre. According to Spink, the Ajanta Caves appear to have been abandoned shortly after the fall of Harishena c. 480 CE. Since then, these temples have been abandoned and gradually forgotten. During the intervening centuries, the jungle grew back and the caves were hidden, unvisited and undisturbed. editRediscovery by Europeans On 28 April 1819, a British officer for the Madras Presid ency, John Smith, of the 28th Cavalry, while hunting tiger, accidentally discovered the entrance to one of the cave temples (Cave No. 10) deep within the tangled undergrowth. Exploring that first cave, long since a home to nothing more than birds and bats and a lair for other, larger, animals, Captain Smith scratched his name in on one of his name and the date, April 1819. Since he stood on a five foot high pile of rubble collected over the years, the inscription is well above the eye-level gaze of an adult.Shortly after this discovery, the Ajanta Caves became renowned for their exotic setting, impressive architecture, historic artwork, and long-forgotten history. Cave 1-pg 7 and 8 The first cave was built on the eastern end of the horse-shoe shaped scarp. According to Spink, it is one of the latest caves to have begun on site and brought to near-completion in the Vakataka phase. Although there is no epigraphic evidence, it has been proposed that the Vakataka Emperor Harishena may h ave been the benefactor of this better-preserved cave.A dominant reason for this is that Harisena was not involved initially in patronizing Ajanta. This cave has one of the most elaborate carvings on its facade with relief sculptures on entablature and ridges. There are scenes carved from the life of the Buddha as well as a number of decorative motifs. A two pillared portico, visible in the 19th-century photographs, has since perished. The cave has a front-court with cells fronted by pillared vestibules on either side. These have a high plinth level. The cave has a porch with simple cells on both ends.The absence of pillared vestibules on the ends suggest that the porch was not excavated in the latest phase of Ajanta when pillared vestibules had become a necessity and norm. Most areas of the porch were once covered with murals, of which many fragments remain. There are three doorways a central doorway and two side doorways. Two square windows were carved between the doorways to brig hten the interiors. Each wall of the hall inside is nearly 40 feet (12 m) long and 20 feet (6. 1 m) high. Twelve pillars make a square colonnade inside supporting the ceiling, and creating spacious aisles along the walls.There is a shrine carved on the rear wall to house an impressive seated image of the Buddha, his hands being in the dharmachakrapravartana mudra. There are four cells on each of the left, rear, and the right walls. The walls are covered with paintings in a fair state of preservation. The scenes depicted are mostly didactic, devotional, and ornamental. Cave 2-pg 9,10 Cave 2, adjacent to Cave 1, is known for the paintings that have been preserved on its walls, ceilings, and pillars. It looks similar to Cave 1 and is in a better state of preservation. editThe facadeCave 2 has a porch quite different from Cave one. Even the facade carvings seem to be different. The cave is supported by robust pillars, ornamented with designs. The size and ground plan have many things in common with the editThe porch The front porch consists of cells supported by pillared vestibules on both ends. The cells on the previously wasted areas were needed to meet the greater housing requirements in later years. Porch-end cells became a trend in all later Vakataka excavations. The simple single cells on porch-ends were converted into CPVs or were planned to provide more room, symmetry, and beauty.The paintings on the ceilings and walls of this porch have been widely published. They depict the Jataka tales that are stories of the Buddhas life in former existences as Bodhisattva. The porchs rear wall has a doorway in the center, which allows entrance to the hall. On either side of the door is a square-shaped window to brighten the interior. editThe hall The hall has four colonnades which are supporting the ceiling and surrounding a square in the center of the hall. Each arm or colonnade of the square is parallel to the respective walls of the hall, making an aisle in between . editThe paintingsPaintings appear on almost every surface of the cave except for the floor. At various places the art work has become eroded due to decay and human interference. Therefore, many areas of the painted walls, ceilings, and pillars are fragmentary. Cave 3and cave 4-pg 11 CAVE 3 This is an incomplete monastery (10. 08 X 8. 78 m) and only the preliminary excavation of pillared verandah exist. CAVE 4 This squarish monastery consists of a hall, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah and is datable to first half of sixth century A. D. This is the largest monastery at Ajanta measuring (35. 08 X 27. 65 m).The door frame is exquisitely sculpted flanking to the right is carved Bodhisattva as reliever of Eight Great Perils. The cave was once painted, traces of which can be noticed. The ceiling of the hall preserves a unique geological feature of a lava flow. Cave 5,6,7-PG12,13 CAVE 5 This monastery (10. 32 X 16. 8 m) is an unfinished one. However, the richly carved door frame, and female figures on makaras are important ones. CAVE 6 This is a double storeyed monastery (16. 85 X 18. 07 m) consisting of hall, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared hall in the lower storey and a hall with cells, subsidiary cells and sanctum sanctorum in the upper storey.Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in both the shrines. The depiction of Miracle of Sravasti and Temptation of Mara are the important paintings. Sculptural depiction of Buddha in various attitudes and postures can also be noticed here. CAVE 7 This monastery (15. 55 X 31. 25 m) consists of a sanctum sanctorum, an oblong open hall with two small porticos supported by heavy octagonal pillars and eight cells. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. Other sculptural panels include Miracle of Sravasti, seated Buddha under the protection of Nagamuchalinda, etc.CAVE8,9 PG 13,14,14. 5 CAVE 8 This is an unfinished monastery (15. 24 X 24. 64 m) at Ajanta, located at the lowest level and perhaps earliest am ong the monasteries. Major portion of the frontage has been swept away by a landslide. CAVE 9 This apsidal chaityagriha (18. 24 X 8. 04 m) is datable to second century B. C. and belongs to the Hinayana phase of Buddhism. The chaityagriha consists of an entrance door, two side windows, central hall, nave flanked by side aisles (pradikshana) on either side separated by a row of 23 pillars and a stupa, the object of worship.The chaityagriha exhibits reproduction of wooden architectural styles, in the form of inward tapering octagonal pillars, evidence of fixing wooden beams rafters, etc. The chaitya was in use during later period also as indicated by the sculptures of Buddha on the facade and side walls facing the court. Inside the chaitya is seen two layers of paintings, the earlier dating back to the second half of 1st century B. C. and the alter to 5th 6th centuries A. D. Cave 9 One of the earliest prayer hall caves, notable for its arched windows that let softly diffused sunligh t in the cave.This Theravada cave also features a large stupa. CAVE 10 In April 1819, John Smith, a British Army Officer noticed the huge arch of this cave from the view point which ultimately led to the discovery of Ajanta Caves. This cave is the earliest chaityagriha at Ajanta. A Brahmi inscription on the facade dated to the 2nd century B. C. reads Vasithiputa Katahadi. The cave (30. 5 X 12. 2 m) consists of a large central hall, nave flanked by two aisles (pradikshana) separated by a row of 39 octagonal pillars and a rock stupa at the apsidal end, the object of worship.The cave consists of two period of paintings, the earlier dated to 2nd century B. C and the later 4th 6th century A. D. Two Jataka stories of this period have been identified, namely, the Sama (Shama) Jataka and the Chhaddanta Jataka. The later period paintings contain Buddha figures in various poses mainly over the pillars. Cave 10 Theravada prayer hall, thought to be the oldest cave temple at Ajanta, dating to the 2nd century BC. CAVE 11,12,13,14-PG 15, CAVE 11 This monastery (19. 87 X 17. 35 m) datable to beginning of fifth century A. D. onsists of a hall with six cells and a long bench, a pillared verandah with four cells, a sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum against an unfinished stupa. Few paintings that available here depicts Bodhisattvas, figures of Buddha, etc. CAVE 12 This Hinayana monastery consists of a hall (14. 9 X 17. 82 m) the front wall is completely collapsed sided by twelve cells arranged on three sides. An inscription on the back wall of the monastery records the gift of this cave by one merchant Ghanamadada and palaeographically datable to 2nd 1st century B. C. erhaps slightly later than Cave 10. The cell frontage are decorated with chaitya window motifs above the door opening. CAVE 13 This is a small monastery and belongs to the first phase. It consists of an astylar hall with seven cells on three sides. The cells are provided wit h rock-cut beds. CAVE 14 This unfinished monastery (13. 43 X 19. 28 m) was excavated above Cave 13 at a higher level. It was originally planned on a large scale. The depiction of sala bhanjikas on the top corners of doorway is beautifully depicted. Cave 15,15a,16,17-pg 16,17,18 CAVE 15 The monastery (19. 62 X 15. 8 m) consists of an astylar hall with eight cells, an antechamber, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah. The sculptural depictions include Buddha in various postures, seated Buddha on simhasana inside the sanctum sanctorum. The traces of paintings indicate that it was originally painted. CAVE 15A Smallest of all the excavations at Ajanta this cave consists of a small central astylar hall with one cell on three sides. The front wall had an inscription in shell characters (which is now lost). The hall is relieved with chaitya window pattern rising from vedica pattern. CAVE 16According to an inscription found here, the excavation of this cave was caused by Varahadeva, the minister of Vakataka king Harishena (circa A. D. 475-500). The cave (19. 5 X 22. 25 X 4. 6 m) which is a monastery consists of a central hall surrounded by 14 cells on three sides, vestibule and a sanctum for Buddha image. The important painted themes depicted are the conversion of Nanda Miracle of Sravasti Mayas dream and certain incidents from the life of Buddha. The Jataka stories depicted are Hasti, Maha-ummagga, Maha-sutasoma. Painted inscriptions can also be noted inside the caves. CAVE 17A Brahmi inscription found here records the excavation of this cave by a feudatory prince under Vakataka king Harishena. This monastery (34. 5 X 25. 63 m) consists of a spacious hall surrounded by 17 cells on three sides, a vestibule and a sanctum containing the image of Buddha. The cave houses some of the well preserved paintings of the Vakataka age that includes Vessantara Jataka (right of door), a huge and gigantic wheel representing the Wheel of Life flying apsara (to left of door), subj ugation of Nalagiri (a wild elephant) by Buddha at Rajagriha, Buddha preaching to a congregation.The Jatakas depicted here are Chhaddanta, Mahakapi (in two versions), Hasti, Hamsa, Vessantara, Maha-Sutasoma, Sarabha-miga, Machchha, Mati-posaka, Sama, Mahisa, Valahass, Sibi, Ruru and Nigrodhamiga. Cave 18,19,20,21-pg 19,20 CAVE 18 This consists of a rectangular excavation (3. 38 X 11. 66 m) leading into another cell. The hall has two pillars with moulded bases and octagonal shafts. CAVE 19 This chaityagriha (16. 05 X 7. 09 m) is datable to fifth century A. D. and could be the gandhakuti. The stupa is carved with a standing image of Buddha 7.This cave is known for it sculptural grandeur of the facade and particularly the two life size Yaksha images on either sides of the chaitya vatayana (arch). The hall has painted depictions of Buddha in various postures. CAVE 20 A pillar less monastery consists of hall (16. 2 X 17. 91 m) cells, sanctum sanctorum and a pillared verandah datable betw een A. D. 450 and 525. A Brahmi inscription in the verandah records the gift of the mandapa by one Upendra. Buddha in preaching attitude is housed in the sanctum. The sculpture of seven Buddhas accompanied by attendants is another important sculptural panel in this cave.CAVE 21 This monastery (28. 56 X 28. 03 m) consists of a hall with twelve pillars and twelve cells on three sides, sanctum sanctorum, pillared verandah (pillars restored now). Out of 12 cells four are with pillared porches. The sanctum house seated Buddha in preaching attitude. Trace of paintings are noticed which consist of a panel depicting Buddha preaching a congregation. Cave 22,23,24,25-pg 21 CAVE 22 This monastery (12. 72 X 11. 58 m) consists of an astylar hall four unfinished cells, sanctum sanctorum and a narrow verandah. Buddha seated in pralamba-padasana is carved on the back wall of the shrine.The sculptural depiction of Buddha in different forms, painted figures of Manushi-Buddhas with Maitreya can be not iced here. CAVE 23 This is an unfinished monastery (28. 32 X 22. 52 m) and consists of an astylar hall, sanctum sanctorum, antechamber side cells and a pillared verandah. The cave is known for the rich decoration of pillars and pilasters and the naga doorkeepers. CAVE 24 This is an incomplete monastery (29. 3 X 29. 3 m) and second largest excavation at Ajanta after Cave 4. The plan consists of a hall with pillared verandah and sanctum sanctorum.A chapel with pillared porch is excavated outside the verandah. The sanctum houses a seated Buddha in pralamba-padasana. CAVE 25 This monastery (11. 37 X 12. 24 m) consists of an astylar hall, pillared verandah and an enclosed courtyard and excavated at a higher level. Two cells are noted on the left end of the verandah and the hall has no cells. The hall is devoid of shrine. CAVE 26,27,28,29-PG 22/PG22,23 CAVE 26 This chaityagriha is quite similar to Cave 19, but of a larger dimension (25. 34 X 11. 52 m) and more elaborately and exquisitely provided with sculpted figures.An inscription (A. D. 450 525) found on the wall of the front verandah records the gift of this chaityagriha by a monk Buddhabhadra, a friend of Bhavviraja, a minister of the king of Asmaka (Vidarbha). The chaityagriha consists of a hall, side aisles (pradikshana) and a rock-cut stupa front by an image of Buddha. The facade, the inner pillars, the triforium (between pillars and roof arch), aisles side walls are extensively carved with images and decorative designs. However, the most striking and prominent image is that of Mahaparinirvana of Buddha on the right aisle wall nd the assault of Mara during Buddhas penance adorns the same wall. CAVE 27 This cave could have been part of Cave 26 and it consists of two storeys, the upper one partially collapsed. The monastery consists of a hall with four cells, antechamber and sanctum sanctorum. Buddha in teaching attitude is housed inside the sanctum. CAVE 28 This is an unfinished monastery of which only the pillared verandah was excavated. CAVE 29 This is an unfinished chaityagriha (22. 8 X 12. 84 m) in its first stage of excavation and located at the highest level, located between Caves 20 and 21. Ending-pg 24