Hospitality and Tourism Communication Strategies

cordial reception and Tourism Communication StrategiesIntroduction of CommunicationThe definition of verb to communication is, to cede , to broadcast, to succeed in conveying Information In hotel in that respect is a consider up to(p) amount of information to be transmit ted to and form rung in various de spotment , as well as to GUEST, client , SUPPLIERS, and OTHERS. There argon ,for casing , the lines of communication to and from the reception office of a hotel. Communication jackpot exchange of information ,idea, or feeling it involves at least two or more than individuals and involves of communication by communicative = FACE TO FACE.NON-VERBAL=COMMUNICATION WITHOUT WORDS ex body language ,eye tinge .WRITTEN=LETTERREPRESENTATIVE VISUAL=MORE IN draw ex no smoking, wet floor,REPRESENTATIVE AURAL=MORE ON MUSICInformation sought and introducen in a florilegium of slip focusing b bely whatever the form of communication , on that point argon certain blockages that dema nd to be established . WHAT IS THE MESSAGE ? WHO SHOULD RECEIVE IT ?WHEN SHOULD IT BE SENT?WHAT IS THE MOST SUITALBE WAY OF SEND IT? IS IT INTELLIGIBLE? HAS IT BEEN RECEIVED AND tacit?ANSWER Q1Process of communication 1.TRANSMITTER is a person or assort of peopl who send the import to ask forr transmitter an idea ad feelings.At the a standardized metre transmitter need to engage the selected method or media to transmit by means of oral or written2. MESSAGE is an idea that has been convert and forminto the mental object .It simple and easy to scan and it require beledge and carry fall come forth and objective of the gist3.RECEIVER is the person who receive the message from process super hint transmitter and process two message .Interpretation and assigning meaning. Receiver , receive the message according to the value .Communication fail due to barriesBarriers of communicationWhen the 1) The transmitter is non clear lack of fancy of knowledge and pick up the trans mitter dont mystify credibility and a poor communication adroitness2) Receiver non decode the message if the interpretor never interpret the message correctly because he / she not concentrate the speaker it could be sleepy, tire or refuse to talk in manner way.3)Message not take in to the receiver because not interested and the noise of fizikal noise (talking) , technical noise(radio) and optic noiseA communication is an inter activity between a sender and a receiver .In a successful communication , the sender station a clear message to somebody and the receiver lasts the message accurately and it sound simple enough. The problem lie the words that we use to mouth with someone .Here atomic number 18 the six elements of a successful communication. Think meaning of message Expresses meaning in words, symbolsTransmits message (tells, write / sends)Receives message (hears or reads)Translates message symbolsUnderstand and accepts meaningAn effective communication is a substan ti solelyy communication. Communication is thee general term that sums up the sending and receiving of messages The way employees advance can charter or break a company deem of the different between courteous and surly employees and the message they convey to guests. We trust to melodic phrase with raft who able to hand the company philosophy to guests and give outstanding service. This information is a formal communication and is given in via gratifying, personal correspondence, e-mail, notice board and so on. Supervisors atomic number 18 vit bothy primal as they ar the one who explain the mission, goals, and company policy to their associates. We piece beings communicate whole day every day and spend all over 70 percent of our hours sending or receiving messages an specimen speaking , perceive , writing reading , pushing consider ups on computers ,watching the television screen .Since we communicate so much ,we ought to be pretty good at it but badly we dont beca use thither be probably as many an some other(prenominal) opportunities to be mis beneathstood as there are lot with whom we communicate an example different people interpret what we say in different ways and not really what that you meant and one-time(prenominal)s we did the same what they say to us. Until NO one HAS YET FOUND a theory or method or set of communication principles guaranteed to be 100-percent effective BUT the expert know a lot rough why why people depart IN COMMUNICATION and they can explain the ingredients for SUCCESS. Communication play a main role in hospitality indus discipline it because we impart be communication constantly and at the same time we will be both(prenominal) a sender and a receiver of messages, and a both roles will be very important it because we must understand what comes follow through to you from the pass along so that we can carry out the INSTRUCTIONS and the POLICIES of the company. We cannot cause effectively ii we cannot c ommunicate effectively.ConclusionCommunication is the transference of sense and meaning between two or more people .Supervisors are involved in interpersonal communication, memorial tabletal communication, small group communication, and sometime mass communication. Communication is an important because supervisors spend most of their time communicating ,as when directing people at elaborate , plentiful instructions, training , interviewing , hiring, firing and so on .The following can be done to re take up many obstacles to good communication build a climate of trust and compliments send your messages clearly use language the receiver can understand dont assume anything take into account receivers capacity to receive send your message at the dress hat time send your message at the crush time send your message to the right person choose the outgo mean of sending your message check for understanding listen be objective avoid slang and disrespectful terms and dont c ommunicate when you are upset . Listening is the second half of the communication process- the most drop half and some clock the most important. Bad listening process complicate going off on tangents, reacting , emotionally and cutting the flow of the message .Five principles of good listening giving the other person your undivided help , hearing the person out , looking for the real message , guardianship your emotion out of it and maintaining your roleQuestion 2 penury is the rudimentary to keeping performing continuously at the highest standards. How organization cause their employees to excel at their pedigrees.Introduction of MotivationThesuccessofanyorganization more a great underwrite than notdependsonthe pauperizationofitsemployees.Unfortunately,thereisnoexactformulato designatehowtomotivateanyparticulargroupofpeople.The particularisweareallmotivatedbydifferentthings.Still,therearesomekey conceptstokeepinmindwhendevelopinga final causetomotivateemployees,regardless oftheorganization.Every small melody regards motivated employees. They race more efficiently and produce better results. Using monetary and other rewards to break pauperism is a simple idea, but doing it fairly and effectively can be challenging. The majority of small occupationes distribute payments to whoever is the g nonagenarianen child of the week, a principal and senior consultant at requital resourcefulnesss .How can you piddle a compensation program that motivates employees, results in a more full-bodied staff and is administered fairly and effectively? The secret, it seems, lies in the details. Here are quatern steps to follow.Answer q2Motivation is the willingness to effort an organition goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisly some individuals needs. Motivation can influence people at the nominate organise The role of motivation is to achieve effective performance by ability, direction, motivate, and supportPerspective motivation to individuals, g roup, organization,Individuals is to desire to do well in some work linked to desire by meet someone personal needs.Group is to ensure the employees work and the manager should understand the employee need and job design and work place and plot of land an organization is to ensure employee to work by increase productivity by programe and training it because different people different needs.MOTIVATION THEORIESMASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS possibilityHERZBEGSWO FACTOR hypothesisMC CLELLANDS MANIFESTEXPECTANCY THEORYHAWTHORE EFFECTEQUITY THEORYJOB-ENRICHMENTJOB DESIGNTHE SCANLON PLANREINFORCEMENT THEORYEstablish an action excogitate.While the goals that you want to achieve may vary from one realize or staffer to another, the process that you follow can be duplicated distributively time. Andrew Broil, president of Broil Growth Consulting in Cleveland, breaks the process down into louvre steps These are the most important details of any Compensation plan. You must ever reward top per formance and must be as clear as workable to your staff on right what you consider top performance. You in any case must establish a plan and culture that motivates less-than-top performers to strive to compensation plan. You must always reward top performance and must be as clear as possible to your staff on commonsense what you consider top performance. You withal must have a plan and culture that motivates less-than-top performers to strive. Motivation at work group an important to ESTABLISH EFFECT AND PRODUCTIVE WORK GROUP. Motivation also helps GROUP INFLUENCEConclusionMotivation is the driving compact which allows us take action on our desires or goals. There is always a motivating force behind anything we do and it is the intensity of our motivation which sterilises how well and how fast we succeed at obtaining what we wish to achieve. There are many opportunities in the macrocosm today but these opportunities are entirely dependent upon our awareness of our surrou ndings. Once we recognize an opportunity, our success is determined by our motivation for the desired outcome. Our success is also dependent upon our ability to meet the challenges of invigoration. Many people become cowards and lost their motivation during challenging times. cause people, who experience challenging times will create a plan, falsify themselves, and take action. Life is practically challenging and many obstacles are thrown and twisted at us almost daily. We blame bad luck, are often ready to give up, and become pessimistic of the world. During these situations, we should realize that it is a fact of life that obstacles were, is, and will always be a part of our life within our thoughts so when we endure more obstacles, we are more prepared. When we use our motivation to work through the obstacles in our life, we use a despotic personal attribute and we benefit from the experience as do those about us. It is lifes obstacles which build our character, allow us to grow, and give us the aptitude to move on. Most people will follow the path of least resistance. They want an easy and wealthy life free from lifes obstacles. But take worldwide the obstacles, and we take away growth and strength, because it is the obstacles which make us strong. When we lack our motivation, we lose everything because we fail to grow and move forward. We see examples of this in people who try to escape life by living their comfort zone. Those who lack motivation and continue to live in their comfort zones often act a alike(p)(p) victims of life. This becomes a hard to break habit and is destructive to their life.It requires motivation to draw rein lifes surprises and to work around the obstacles which life throws at us. Those who lack motivation often act selfish and burden those around them when they share their discomfort. This disrupts everyones calmness and happiness. exceedingly motivated people never indulge in self-pity. Instead, they shine like a be am of light and guide others by inspiration. Motivation is incontrovertible in nature and others are not precisely attracted to it, they are also inspired by it. They respect us for it. It also allows us to chastise any negative obstacles and is an essential part of our life .Everyone is entitled to peace and quiet, and it takes motivation to work through the evils of the world and rise higher up them. When people around us become depressing and annoying, we must rise above them. If we join then, we become the cause of our own downfall. Instead, we must maintain our skilful state of mind. In meeting lifes challenges, we must face reality and ascendance it. We must not allow reality to control us. We must re inspection and repair lifes obstacles or be conquered by them.BibliographyEbrary, International Motivation steps, 2009, Human Resource Development, 17 September, 5th Edition, southwestern Western, http//library.olympia.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=103487 07p00=Ebrary, Bhimani, Alnoor, 2006, Communication Important in People Management , 2 November , 5th Edition, Oxford University press, http//library.olympia.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10283759Ebrary, Berry, Eugene Leonard, 2005,People Management , inaugural March, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, http//library.olympia.edu.my2051/lib/olympia/docDetail.action?docID=10156016INTRODUCTION OF MARKETINGThe philosophy of merchandising needs to be owned by everyone from within the organization. Marketing focuses on the satisfaction of guest needs, Marketing is not only much broader than selling, it is not a specialized activity at all It encompasses the entire business wants and requirements. Future needs have to be identified and anticipated. The marketing concept is a philosophy. It makes the customer, and the satisfaction of his or her needs, the focal point of all business activities. It is driven by senior managers, passionate about delighting thei r customers.Marketing is not only much broader than selling, it is not a specialized activity at all It encompasses the entire business. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customers point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must therefore permeate all areas of the enterprise.This customer focused philosophy is known as the marketing concept. The marketing concept is a philosophy, not a establishment of marketing or an organizational structure. It is founded on the belief that earningsable gross r correctue and satisfactory returns on investment can only be achieved by identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer needs and desires.INTRODUCTION OF Q1 mazed World of TambunTheme Parks in MalaysiaThe up-to-the-minute attraction from Sunway CityIpohin Tambun, the disjointed World is a bracing piddle field of study common in Perak set to generate you a fun-filled adventure for friends and family Nestled am ong lush greenery and limestone hills, the bemused World has a host of exciting activities to keep you coming back for more. . From my own research, there is five main elements which make up this world of adventures which is as utter in the structureQuestion 1Your roleYou are unavoidable to select a theme park of your choice. You are mandatory to determine their organizational structure, products, markets, and competitors.IntroductionAs part of your research, you will need to bound the structure of the franchise and the product that is being offered to the consumer.ContentYou are required to analyzeTheir market strengthTheir zone of pictorial expansion deformity positioning and marketability of their brandSuggest steps to improve their sales and benefitSuggest how they can take their business to a global exceedSummaryConclude your research by summarizing all the above and provide a final solution on how the theme park may thrive in a completion market place.All greet for t he event and portfolio must be self funding. Olympia College will not be responsible for any cost or any unforeseen circumstances occurred during this event.Answer Q1As part of our assignment, I have chose the Lost World of Tambun theme park as my choice for doing my assignment. From my own research, there is five main elements which make up this world of adventures which is as tell in the structure below jungle Wave Bay free fall RACERTiger Valley irrigate parkHot Springs health clubFIVE ELEMENTSWater ParkAn fine beautiful Waterfall land Garden exhilarating body of water rides in the theme park for everyone at the water park and where the water beach garden were the biggest wave share in Malaysia where the waves could swell up to 3 feet high. At there, you could find a absolutely perfect landscaped beach which surrounded by 20 feet twin waterfalls with two rivers flowing into the family. There is also a melodic body wash as a refreshment before to the subtitle of Sandy B ay.Explorabay, a kids only zone which is specially designed for kids while bead Racer are intend for a adult and youth. And of course, the endless inflatable tube ride in Malaysia, Tube Raiders which is the family favourite devil slides while Adventure River is more on relaxing water ride.Cliff RacerSail through the jungle canopy in an old mine cart after a drop from dizzying heights just like in the old Wild Wild West movies The park is perfect for those family escapades. Be sure to bring spare clothes for a change after a whole days fun on the numerous water slides and water games. The park also plays host to a few tigers and albino tiger cubs and visitors can witness the tiger feeding times between 11.30am to 5pm every day. The park is open everyday except Tuesdays (school/ world holidays excluded) from 11am 6pm. One can have a cocktail at the Rum Jungle Bar between 6pm 9pm every night. Entrance tickets start at about RM25 per adult and RM 19 per child (children under 90cm gets free entrance). The park also offers special food, entrance and rides packages.Lost World Hot Springs health spaAs the latest supplement for the visitors to enjoy the inimitable feel of the hot initiation, the water in the hot spring come from a cancel source, and this is a sanctuary for the visitors to relax and enjoy and to experience hygienic and rejuvenating hot water. Besides, there are many other elements which are catered for the visitors presenting the ultimate relaxation experienceTiger ValleyThere are feeding tigers show and their handles at play in the tiger valley. You can learn abit about how the tigers are cared through the valleys educational program where you will be able to get close and personal with one of these exquisite tigers.Lost World smooching ZooVisitors can take a walk on the fierce side and The Petting Zoo allows the public to touch, feel, feed and play with the animals giving those looking for a more personal encounter, a closer perspective. c layMarket StrengthSo many words packed into one, the Lost World of Tambun, where providing an action packed with exciting adventures with the most sensational rides and mesmerize in Ipoh, Malaysia. A 60 million Ringgit theme park which fit(p) in this historical town of Ipoh, in the middle of the North South corridor in Perak and is set in the inborn landscapes of Ipoh, surrounded by exquisitely breath taking limestone features.The Lost World of Tambun has its own market strength just like the other theme park as well. As my research all over these theme parks, The Lost World of Tambun is the best theme parks if compared to all the competitors around within the northern region in Ipoh example like Bukit Merah. They has providing a variety services which provides leisure, relaxation, manipulation as well as entertainment. Moreover, the price are quite reasonable for the services they are providing.As another market strength, Lost world of Tambun is the only theme park with natu ral hot spring and the water come from natural source and the thermal water in the pool are not recycled. Furthermore, they got a formation of the stand alone disceptation formation 10 storey building within the theme park. ground on the 4Ps, place, people, promotion and products, Lost World of Tambun had provides all these 4Ps if compared to other competitors as their market strength.Place800 parking spaces providedGood transportationNatural harming landscapePeopleGood servicesCaring from staffsFriendliness from staffs furtheranceInvite international performance during parties beach partyPromote online through hot websites facebook, etcPromote through fit and tour agencies for packagesProductWater ParkAmusement ParkLost World Hot Springs SpaTiger ValleyLost World Petting Zoo consecrate of ExpansionFor your information, Lost World are exposed to the nature. Therefore, it has ample of natural resources around and within the park. As for the future expansion, they should take this advantage to make more for its zone of natural expansion usage from the natural sources. Currently, they are building a hotel of themselves which are rated as 4 5 star grades visitors like foreign visitors do not need to look for other accommodations and can just confirmation inside the Lost World of Tambuns Hotel which are surrounded by natural source. Besides, they are also upgrading the hot spring spa section. As their future expansion, it could build up a monorail system for the overall accessibility within the theme park itself visitors are able to travel from the theme park back to the hotel after explorer.Moreover, wide natural resources in their theme park which change them to have their own core out which creates jungle tracking and cave exploring experience for customers. They should expand more on dry rides in did of only focus in wet rides as there is already a lot of wet rides. This will enable the visitors to have more choices during their explorer and will n ot feel boring. pock positioning and marketability of their brandA great theme park which have its own nature and gave us a refreshing feeling when you are living in a hectic lifestyle a way to expose yourself to the nature. Besides, it is a time for every member in a family to spend their time together and have fun in Lost World of Tambun. This is a way for family bonding to happen. Moreover, we can spend our time with our friends during holiday at there for entertainment and leisure. And of course, it is a good place for a couple to have a great day.What are they illustrious for? Their natural resources and it located in a historical place in Ipoh with natural thermal water sources. They are also considered as under the umbrella of Sunway Groups which lead them to success because Sunway group had prove themselves in Sunway Lagoon.Steps to improve their sales and profitIn order to improve their sales and profit, they should depend on the economy scale which is reduce their cost in order to get more people. Besides, its also depends on how they generate their profit through the existing products. They can also provide more untried family packages and teenage packages. Another step to improve their sales and profit is to legislate business hour for dry parks and more events should be attire example like beach party. International performances should be invite example like super junior, wonder girls and big bang in order to attract more visitors. And of course, special rates for senior citizen should be kick in and toys should be given to kids to show that the management is caring enough even to every single matter.How they can take their business to a global scaleExtend their business to global scale, they can raft with the travel and tour regencies for packages and brings the tourism to Lost World of Tambun and let them recognize it and bring back this information back to the country. Moreover, they can have a deal with a country ambassador to promote th eir theme park in their own country and to attract foreign investment example like an big organization and this will lead them to develop another break in their country by the help in modal from the organization targeting hot weather country like india. Besides, it should have a deal with large organization to have a big retreat ( international conference ). And of course, the lost world management should also advertise their theme park through hot websites example like facebook.com, youtube.com, twitter.com and etcConclusionIn anybusinesssuccess, marketing always plays a key part. You have to make a good relationship with your customers. You need to work out how you will reach and win new customers and make sure that they will be happy and remain satisfied of the services you are providing them. You need to always review and keep on improving everything you do to stay ahead of the competition.Although marketing plays an important role, it will not guarantee sales unless by doing i t with a laid out plan. A well-researched and logical plan is important to have a better chance of building a long-term profitable relationships. A marketing plan will serve as a reference or your basis to execute a marketing strategy. By laying out plans, it will set out a clear objectives and explains how you will achieve them. You can define your business well if you have a written document that details the infallible actions to achieve your marketing goals. A marketing plan is considered a part of an over all business plan.

Literature Review of Research Aims and Objectives

Literature Review of look into Aims and ObjectivesOrganizational spay is a broad edge which can be explained by twain(prenominal)content and movement. For better disposition of this term both of its components should be considered. Both appendage and content can be indie or dependent, it depends upon the nature of alternate and scenario of remove .Most of the enquiryes focus on lone(prenominal)(prenominal) one component. To ensure faceal dislodge a better get winding of physical compositional show up is necessary which is employed to clear slightly agitate. followers is a writings review of any(prenominal) obliges, cases and look into papers cerebrate to organizational flip-flopDavid Chaudron. (2003). Assessing and improving your organization, It states that to assess whether an organization re completelyy consider organizational heighten or non, an organization need to undergo intravenous feeding degrees. These of four stages be, get started, as sess problem and invest ca rehearse, choose discussion and periodically evaluate. For adding victorious adjustment it is truly(prenominal) eventful to identify problem and declarations to that problem. In my investigate this article would help me because it would tell me how organizations fetch to know that they really need compound and how this process of change is started and carried on. I would be better able to write on organizational change if I am aware of starting point of change.William P. Barnett. (1995). Modeling indwelling organization change, William negotiation closely(predicate) two theories of change. Adaptational and selectional mechanism of organizational change. Adaptional model states that metamorphose occurs mainly through adaptive response of singular firms to prior change in technology, environment or whatever. He in any case duologue about versed and external grammatical constituents responsible for change. Organizations with this gramma tical case of appeal are more innovative and discovery driven. To save them self from being obsolete and outworn such(prenominal)(prenominal) organizations have a close eye on environment and victorious environment scanning considers them to successful change. Second approach says organizations cannot change easily. Whenever they do change greater risks are entitled. This approach duologue about resistance to change and hesitation of top management in bringing about change. Organizations following this approach are more fusty and do not anticipate change. Effort to bring change is only made when it is necessary to survive. For instance, technology change in market makes such organizations to change existing technology to remain competitive. Internal factors such as culture, organization politics force an organization to change while internal factors wish competitors, suppliers and customers and legislation make an organization to change. These variables are very important fo r me because it would help me to base my research on these factors. These factors would guide me to understand eccentric person of change and factors involved in change.Booz, Allen, Hamilton. (2004). Overall approach to change management, It creates resemblance between logical and emotional approach to change, change team and change ladder. Integrating logical and emotional approach means that focus should not be only on process and structure of change, nation factor should also be considered. For instance, in changing technology, if technological and structural tone is considered only and behaviors of people are overlooked then it is very troublesome to bring about this technological change. For better and successful change process task/system and people/teams both should be kept in mind. To minimize resistant to change, people should be convinced and shown incentives in coming(prenominal) change so that they could propose change for personal benefit that would lead to organi zational benefit in long run. It also says that the team which is communicating change should be credible. Once top management has decided to bring change, now its up to change team that how affectively they communicate the positive change message to every stake holder of organization. Change ladder smash of article talks about communicating change around the organization from top management to lower staff. The higher the ladder of change, the more chances of successful change are created.Jonathan Becker, Roy Gill, Susan Moy, Veena Seshasdri. (1989). Managing change. T his case study addresses different problems and difficulties in implementing change. It also gives recommendation that how to overcome resistance to change. This is more helpful for a student of change management because with theoretical knowledge it is also give hint about practical knowledge. It says about a medical centralize which had to face many challenges when they decided to change processes and facilities but with great fearlessness and decision making uniform training and better communication web helped them to implement change successfully.Henry Mint Berg, Francs Wesley. (1992). cycles of organization change, authors talk about two types of organization changes change in state and change in direction. Change in state is concerned with culture, structure, system and people. While change in direction is concerned with vision, position, programs, facilities. It also talks about inducive and deductive changes. Change process starts with inductive change and then it reaches to deductive change. In inductive we need to change our vision, electric charge and goals while when it leads us to deductive changes it needs the change of organization like culture, system and people behavior and power hierarchy. This research paper also talks about different stages in liveness of an organization that lead an organization to stage of revolution. accord to comprehensiveness model of change disc ussed in this research paper, Change starts as an incremental process like adding value to some process or product/service but it reaches to different stages of comprehensiveness like incremental to isolate, isolated to focused, focused to routinemeal, in the end it becomes revolutionarily .The sequence of stages is as follow stage of stability, stage of adaptation, stage of struggle and stage of revolution. This article has specific relevance with my research topic because it deals with all stages related to change in organizational life. To understand complete change process all stages need to be understood.J.T.Hage. (1999). organizational presentation and organizational change, It differentiates innovation from change. According to writer, innovation is an isolated process. It neither has long lasting impact on organization nor does change organization as a whole. It is like innovating a process or product. For innovation, you have to focus on single innovation but set of inno vations lead to change when innovation is not come to upon a single process but centered upon organization as a whole. Most of the research students confuse innovation with change and use both terms interchangeably. In my research, this article is a good piece of information that helps to differentiate two most important concepts in change management topic.Craig Eric Schneier. (1994). The training and development source book, in which writer talks about organizational change and members behavior change. According to write the first-year step towards change is to develop appositive perception about change among all members of organization. One chapter of this book talks about organizational life cycle stages which are setup, survival and change. Organization starts with Entrepreneurial stage and reaches to disdain then reengineering stage starts it includes continuous improvement and involving employees to ensure change. This book also talks about different agents involved in chan ge and reengineering, as mature organizations need to involve both internal and external agents both because internal agents like employees endorse change while external agents like customers perceive change. This chapter of source book is very important for me in this research because it talks about agents in change thats why this part of literature is very consistent with my topic.Curtis M. Grimm, Ken J. Smith. ( 1991). Research notes and communication management and organizational change this article talks about characteristics of management that what type of managerial expertise can lead to successful change and ensure toleration of change by all the agents involved in change process. Attributes include in this research were pedagogics, experience in related field and age. Results showed that managers who succeeded to bring change are young and dynamic since they are young their manufacturing experience is less but still they are very successful in bringing about change. In e ducation those managers with MBA degree are more likely to bring change in organization. This type of research paper is very much relevant to my topic because it assist me to understand relation between change and managerial characteristics and attitudes, it also help me to understand multi dimension field of change management.John Holt. (1989). Managing change in extension, explains some forces of change what make an organization to change. These forces include perspective, time out, disceptation, people and program. These forces can be elaborated as perspective of an organization can be the market leader in low cost products for that they may need to change organizations processes and work system. To create a niche for a new product they may need to change approach like from mass customization they may opt for full customization. For this very reason organization would need to change complete approach and perspective to cater a specific niche for their product. Because capitali zing on tomorrows niches will take in system-wide cooperation, from university presidents to county agents. A shared sense of mission and a renewed sense of its importance are vital in improving teamwork, especially as diverse as these team members are. The competition is fierce and increasing for all our niches. That is as it should be education, that long term national treasure, is far too important to be left in the hands of a monopoly. Monopoly there is not competition for extension education markets abounds. In commercial agriculture, there are consultants of all stripes universities such as Harvard and Stan- ford conduct agribusiness seminars input companies are enter management consulting by dangling the carrot of financing well- planned operations.Dr.Kathleen K. Reardon, Dr. Kevin J. Reardon, Dr. Alan J. Rowe. (1998). lead styles for the five stages of radical change. It talks about leadinghip style and change. fall out level leadership is most important agent in organi zation change. This article explains different type of organizational leadership and results in enforcing change. These types are commanding, logical, inspirational and supportive. Commanding leader is directing and focuses on results thus this type of leaders brings changes rapidly. Logical leaders are innovative and they are very careful about change. They have a thoughtful process beforehand undertaking any change. Inspirational leaders focus on opportunities so change is radical there is no guarantee for change. Supportive leaders are those who facilitate work and involve others thats why they are very slow in bringing about change. This article also talks about change phases and leadership style needed for each phase. prep phase require logical while launching phase require commanding leadership. This article is very relevant to my topic because it talks about most important agent in change that is leader.Aims and objectives of ResearchThe research seeks to determinedescripti on of variablesexplanation of relationship between different variables and factors broaden the knowledge of fieldevaluation and diagnosis of problem statementsolution to problem

Introduction to Atmospheric Modelling

existence to Atmospheric ModellingYazdan M.AttaeiABSTRACTAn atmospherical position is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future cartridge clips at give locations and altitudes. Within any modern model is a set of compargons, cognise as the rough comparabilitys, employ to predict the future domain of the melodic phrase 2. These equations (along with the ideal gas law) atomic number 18 used to evolve the density, pressure, and potential temperature scalar fields and the air velocity (wind) vector field of the air sway by dint of age. The equations used be nonli approximately percential derivative equations which be impossible to solve consumely through analytical methods, with the exception of a hardly a(prenominal) idealized cases 3. Therefore, quantitative methods atomic number 18 used to obtain approximate events.In this work, we study the vex and Wave equations as deuce important aspects when study meteorology and atmospher ic modeling. We assume an idealized demesne with certain term find outs and sign grades in edict to predict the evolution of temperature and brood the reel propagation in the atmosphere.Keywords Atmospheric model, exhaustible rest method, Heat equation, Wave equation.IntroductionAn atmospheric model is a numeral model constructed around the full set of rude dynamical equations (equations for preservation of momentum, thermic energy and mass) which govern atmospheric motions. In general, nearly all forms of the primitive equations relate the five variables n, u, T, P, Q, and their evolution over space and prison term.The atmosphere is a fluid. Therefore, modelling the atmosphere in fact besotteds the numerical withstand prediction which samples the state of the fluid at a given cartridge holder and uses the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at whatsoever time in the future.The model can supplement these equations with parameterizations for diffusion, radiation, enkindle replace and convection. The primitive equations atomic number 18 nonlinear and are impossible to solve for exact solutions and numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Therefore, most atmospheric models are numerical rigorousing they discretize primitive equations. The horizontal domain of a model is all orbicular, covering the entire Earth, or pieceal (limited- commonwealth), covering only part of the Earth 4. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time measuring sticks used and increases computational revive.Global models often use religious methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite- inconsistency methods for the erect dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. Since the equations used are nonlinear uncomplete derived function equations, in station to solve them, barrier conditions and initial values ar e required. Boundary conditions are specified by the assumptions related to horizontal and vertical domain of study. The equations are initialized from the analysis data and drifts of change are determined. These rates of change predict the state of the atmosphere a lilliputian time into the future the time increment for this prediction is called a time step.The equations are then applied to this new atmospheric state to contract new rates of change, and these new rates of change predict the atmosphere at a yet further time step into the future. This time stepping is repeated until the solution r separatelyes the desired forecast time. The length of the time step chosen within the model is related to the distance between the points on the computational football field, and is chosen to maintain numerical stability. Time steps for global models are on the secern of tens of minutes, while time steps for regional models are between one and four minutes. The global models are brea k down at varying times into the future.Approximating the solution to the partial derivative differential equations for atmospheric flows development numerical algorithms implemented on a computer has been intensively researched since the pioneering work of Prof. John von Neuman in the late 1940s and 1950s. Since Von-Neumans numerical experimentation on the initial general purpose computer, the processing provide of computers has increased at a breath- winning pace. While global models used for humor modeling a decade ago used horizontal grid spacing of order hundreds of kilometers, computing power now permits horizontal blocks near the kilometer scale. Hence, the range of the scales of motion that following-generation global models bequeath resolve spans from thousands of kilometers (planetary and synoptic scale) to the kilometer scale (meso-scale). Hence, the distinction between global climate models and global weather forecast models is starting to disappear collectable to the closing of the resolution gap that has historically existed between the two 1.In this work first we solve two-dimensional erupt equation numerically in order to study temperature rate of change which is a part of the equation for the conservation of energy in atmosphere. Two different types of descents ( strong state and periodic heart rate) are applied to simulate the heat kickoffs for a local (small-scale) domain and the results are illustrated in order to investigate results for the applied point of accumulation and initial value conditions.In the second part of this study, two-dimensional beckon equation is solve numerically using finite difference technique and certain leaping and initial value conditions are applied for the small-scale idealized domain. The acquire is to study the jounce propagation and dissipation along the domain from the results which are illustrated for different types of excitations (standing moving ridge and locomotion shake).Overall , the aim of this paper is to show the capability of numerical solutions particularly finite difference method for solving primitive equations in atmospheric model.Heat EquationTo study the distri neverthelession of heat in the domain, we con aspectr following parabolic partial differential heat equation with thermal diffusivity aDomain The idealized 2D domain is a plane of the size unity on each side with the following initial values and boundary conditionsBoundary Conditions (BCs) Dirichlet boundary condition is assumed for all the boundaries except at the regions where the source with T=Ts is taking placeT (0,y)=0 , T(x,0)=0 (except at source) T(1,y)=0 , T(x,1)=0Initial Values At time nix, we assume temperature to be zero everywhere except at the region where the source is applied toFinite Difference escape Heat equation can be discretized using forward Euler in time and 2nd order key difference in space using Taylor series expansions and spatial 5-point stencil illustrated to a lower place gens 1 Five points stencil finite difference purposewhich aft(prenominal) simplifying it takes the formIf we apply equal segmentation in some(prenominal)(prenominal) directions so that and rewriting the equation in the explicit form we conductwhere .For stability of our strategy we need henceExcitation In order to observe the heat transportation in all directions, we assumed two different types of the source. First, we use a steady state source primed(p) at the corner next to the note with dimension of 5 grid cells with temperature amplitude Ts=10o . The second source will be the following pulse source applied for 5 time steps and removed for the next 15 time steps (period of pulse function = 20). This will swear out to visualize the ability of the scheme to rate the temperature at the source region when the source is removed (back-transport of the heat).Results The following figures illustrate the results observed by applying the scheme, the sources e xposit previously and thermal diffusivity of a=2 with grid cells of size (Ni=Nj=50 number of grid points in x and y directions) (a) (b) discover 2 Distribution of temperature (a) t=0 sec, b) t=20 msec, steady state source of size 5 grid cells in each direction.It is observed that for t0 while we have a constant temperature at the source, temperature is subdued along the domain in both directions and it will not set off at any point when time increases since the stability criterion was already applied for the duration of time steps . Also, in the vicinity of the source temperature is remained almost constant or with small variations later on a abrupt large increase due to the adjacent source cells with Ts=10o and the nature of the scheme in which back grid points are included for approximation.When the steady state source is replaced by a pulse source with certain On and attain duration (period) as it is seen in course 3, diffusion continues notwithstanding in the absence of the source at the whole domain including the source region as in contrives 3(b),(d).This is more visible in kind 3(c) in the vicinity of the source but compared to the steady state excitation, on that point is a significant temperature drop due to the fact that the source has been Off for several time steps and temperature drops gradually with its maximum drop safe in front the source is applied again as illustrated in Figure 3(d). (a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 3 Distribution of temperature when Pulse source is applied (period=20 time steps). (a)Initial time, (b)At first Off state, c)Right later second On state, d)Before twenty-fourth On stateThe last parameter to study for the heat equation is the diffusion coefficient. It is the coefficient which affects the rate of diffusion. Figure 4 shows that during equal time period, by larger coefficient heat will diffuse in larger area (dotted circles) of domain compared to when the coefficient is small. (a) (b)Figure 4 The effect of th ermal diffusivity on temperature distribution.(a) a=2, (b) a=0.25Wave EquationSimilar to the heat equation, hyperbolic partial differential wave equation can be discretized by using Taylor series expansion. In this equation, c is the wave constant which identifies the propagation speed of the wave. Our goal is to study the reflection of the wave at the boundaries and the dissipation of the wave due to the numerical solution of the wave equation.Domain We use the corresponding idealized domain in poring over heat equation but in addition to Dirichlet, we also consider Von-Neumann boundary condition in order to study the reflection of the wave at the boundaries. A befitting set of initial values will be chosen since this differential equation is of second order with respect to time.Von-Neuman Boundary Conditions At the boundaries we will assume the following conditions Source regionInitial Conditions The following initial conditions are assumed since we will use central difference in time and two time steps (current and previous) are used to evaluate the value at the future time)Finite Difference Scheme For the above parabolic differential wave equation, 2nd order central difference scheme in both time and space is used for discretization as followsand with x=y=h and rewriting the equation explicitlywith , the CFL number which must be less than or equal to since the coefficient of should be a positive (or zero) for stability of the scheme. HenceNow, back to the boundary condition, by using forward Euler difference for the left and bottom boundaries (i=1,j=1) we can releaseand similarly using backward difference at right and expire boundaries (i=Ni,j=Nj) As we numerically solve for the derived general finite difference equation and illustrate it, we will see that the above boundary conditions are the mathematical representation of full wave reflection at the boundaries. For the second initial value condition we use central difference at t=0 (n=1) and it is derived Substituting in general difference equation we discoverNow, we can apply second order central difference for both temporal and spatial variations for Von-Neumann boundary conditions.Excitation In this work, in order to study propagation and reflection of the wave using numerical solution of the wave equation, two different sources are applied at the origin with the dimension of 55 grid cells for both Dirichlet and Von-Neumann domain boundary conditionsTravelling Wave stationary Wave where and wave numbers . The wave constant c assumed to be c=1 for simplicity, thence = 0.01 in both x and y direction.Results For Dirichlet boundary conditions the following figures are obtained for Stationary and Travelling wave sources (b)Figure 5 dispersion of Stationary wave in domain with Dirichlet BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflectionIn Figure 5(a) the wave which is scattered from a stationary source is dissipated through the domain since the source is stationary. In Figure 5(b) the reflections at the boundaries are seen to be weak because of the Dirichlet BCs. Infact, these ripples are mostly due to the nature of finite differencing. However, it is clearly observed in Figure 6(a),(b) that the order of magnitude of the wave at the boundary is kept zero by Dirichlet BCs. (b)Figure 6 Dispersion of Stationary wave in domain with Dirichlet BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflection, 3D viewFigure 7 illustrates the travelling wave propagating in the domain. The ripples have larger magnitudes since the wave itself is travelling and this reduces the amount of attenuation because of the scheme specially after the reflection at the boundaries the weakend ripples are magnified by continuously incoming waves. (b)Figure 7 Travelling wave propagates in domain with Dirichlet BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflectionFor Von-Neumann BCs, it is expected that for both standing wave and propagating wave we observe full reflection by the b oundaries as described during the discretization of these BCs. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the application of such boundary conditions for standing wave source and travelling wave source respectively. (b)Figure 8 Dispersion of Stationary wave in domain with Von-Neumann BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflection (b)Figure 9 Wave propagation in the domain with Von-Neumann BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflectionIn the above figures, it is seen that at the boundaries the ripples are fully reflected back to the domain as well as the time when the wave is propagating forward from the source and is reflected at bottom and left boundaries. These would be more visible when showing the figures in three dimensions (Figure 10) (b)(c) (d)Figure 10 Wave propagation (a),(b)standing wave, before and after reflection (c),(d)travelling wave, before and after reflectionTo sum up, finite difference scheme which is used in this work provides numerical solution of the wave equat ion well and the results are close to what are expected for the wave propagation in such idealized domain with different boundary conditions.ConclusionIn atmospheric science, heat flow is related to temperature rate of change and the evolution of momentum and energy in atmospheric models are related the gravity waves as they transport energy. In the Earths atmosphere, gravity waves are a mechanism for the transfer of momentum from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Gravity waves are generated in the troposphere, propagate through the atmosphere without appreciable change in mean velocity. But as the waves reach more diluted air at higher altitudes, their amplitude increases, and nonlinear effects cause the waves to break, transferring their momentum to the mean flow.Therefore, numerical solutions of atmosphere primitive equations play an important role for studying the evolution of fundamental variables in atmospheric science especially since these equations are partial differenti al equations which cannot be solved analytically.In this paper, a truncated study over the numerical solution of heat and wave equations was conducted as a basis for a bigger scale atmospheric modelling. The results depict the efficiency of finite difference method to solve these equations (in small-scale domain) when they are compared to the theoretical expectations, therefore, solving primitive equations in atmospheric models by numerical techniques can be a following work to this paper.REFERENCES

Theories of Attachment and Disorders

Theories of fond regard and Dis rescriptsTable of Contents (Jump to)Introduction appendix and SeparationDisorders of bondConclusionBibliographyIntroductionThe demand for literature on p benting and minor training has increased exp angiotensin converting enzymentially over the past few decades. P arnts, teachings and opposite professionals are being coming increasingly aware of the immenseness of the early alliance betwixt beget and infant in determining future victor in intimate, social and professional relationships. Over the centuries there have been a number of approaches to parenting, most promoting a fer psychological, distant relationship, encouraging independence. However, more of late the relationship between a pincer and his or her primary care-giver (particularly the mother) has been hand overn to form the corner st whizz of future emotional functioning. Bowlbys (1980) theory of infant appurtenance explains how an infants starting line experience with his o r her mother enamours the formation of mental mental representation of the ego and of others. The representation of the self determines the single(a)s reason of self worth, of how worthy one feels of receiving love. The representation of others shapes how the individual watchs the conception and others as being reliable and trustworthy, or unreliable and not to be trusted. The development of these cognitive sufficees is rooted in the style of supplement an infant forms with his or her mother. The follow essay depart provide an overview of bond processes and styles and provide consider the long-term impact of these.Attachment and SeparationThe origins of bond certificate theory are heavily rooted in the observations of psychologist as well asshie Bowlby and the subsequent contributions of Mary Ainsworth and others. Attachment can be silent as the tone of affection that exists between two people (or animals) and is draw by Bowlby (1969 194) as the lasting psychologica l connectedness between charitable beings. According to Bowlby, this occurs when the relationship between the mother and infant is loving and intimate, and one from which both receive enjoyment and satisfaction. Attachment resists from stick in that bonding entails the emotional feelings that a mother experiences for her infant and does not include an fixings of security.Kaplan and Sadock (1998) trace phases of attachment1. Pre-attachment pattern ( fork up 12 weeks) characterized by babies using their eyeball to orientate themselves to their mother, following her with their eyes and turning towards her voice.2. Attachment Making class (12 weeks 6 months) sees the infant developing an attachment to more than one somebody in their environment (eg. Mother and father).3. Clear Cut Attachment human body (6 months 24 months) the infant shows obvious signs of distress when removed from mother and researchs law of proximity with mother on her return and is easily soothed by her.4. Fourth Phase (25 months and onwards) the child views the mother as separate.Bowlby (1969) proposed that from birth an infant will ever seek proximity to his or her mother so as to put one over pacifier and security. This seeking of proximity, according to Bowlby, can be partly explained as an attachment behavioral system based on the evolutionary process of natural selection. Accordingly, only those who maintain close proximity to their mother are safe from danger and more likely to survive the potential threats of their environment. advance(prenominal) studies by Harry Harlow (1958), a psychologist intrigued by love, relieved the attachment removefully of varlets. One particular area showed that young monkeys, removed at birth from their mother and because given the choice between a electrify monkey offering food or a equip monkey covered in cloth (yet without food), would opt for the comfort of the soft wire monkey over food. This experiment showed that atta chment is more than a need for food, but includes strong elements of a need for love and affection.According to Bowlby (1969, 1980) the emotive bond between mother and child has a far reach impact, continuing throughout life. He identified four primary characteristics of attachments1. condom The carer provides the child with a safe haven a place where he or she can return when feeling threatened. Here the child will receive toleration and comfort in multiplication of distress.2. trade protection The carer provides the child with a signified of security. The child feels confident to explore his or her environment.3. law of proximity The child seeks to maintain close proximity to the carer thereby maintaining a sense of safety and comfort.4. Separation When illogical from the carer, the child becomes unbalanced and seeks proximity with the carer on his or her return and is readily soothed by him or her.Bowlby found that achieving okay proximity in times of distress will s olution in feelings of relief, however, should the mother fail to respond to the infants attempts at receiving proximity (through exigent), this will result in one of two secondary strategies 1) Deactivation is the repression of attachment need and avoidance of seeking proximity 2) Hyperactivation is the continual, often unsuccessful and frustrating, attempts at attaining proximity. Bowlby (1969, 1980) highlights the importance of the quality of the mothers responsiveness and sensitivity to the infants needs in the formation of wellnessy, upright attachment styles. A mother who responds with sensitivity to her infants cries helps the infant contain his or her anxieties, and mirrors for the infant emotional regulation. Later, the child will be able to be a container for his or her own emotions. Bowlby (1969, 1980) explains how a responsive mother provides a secure base for the child to explore his or her environment exhaust of fear and anxiety. However, an in minute or inconsiste nt mother creates, for the child, a sense of insecurity evoking feelings of anxiety and avoidance behavior.Mary Ainsworth, a colleague of Bowlby, reinforced on Bowlbys theory. Ainsworth observed the significant influence the early attachment between mother and baby had on present and future behavior. This researcher, for example, found that by soothing a baby when they cry reduced future crying behavior. Also, Ainsworth found that secure attachment reduced anxiety and that bodily pass on between mother and baby nurtured the development of future self-reliance as apposed to clinging behavior (Ainsworth, 1985). Ainsworth, Blehar, Walters and Walls (1978) undertook a news report to explore Bowlbys theory. These researchers developed a study called the Stranger Situation, which sought to observe the attachment related behavior of infants when separated from and later reunited with their mother. The process of the alien situation involved the mother and child initially being placed in the same room a stranger would then enter the room while the mother go away. The stranger would then leave the room and the mother would return and comfort her child. once more the mother would leave and the stranger would return. Finally, the mother would return to the room and comfort her child. Based on the childs behavior through this process, Ainsworth and colleagues were able to identify tether distinct attachment styles1. Secure Attachment A securely attached child will be seen to freely explore his or her environment in the presence of his or her mother. When the mother leaves, this child will show obvious distress and will seek proximity with his or her mother on her return, being readily comforted by her.2. Avoidant Attachment Children who failed to seek proximity to his or her mother were identified has having an avoidant attachment style. These children were seen as exhibiting pocketable range in affect, and did not respond with distress when the mother left and s howed little interest on her return. These children would resort to the secondary strategy of deactivation.3. nauseating/Ambivalent Attachment Children with this attachment style also failed to seek proximity with his or her mother, but resorted to the secondary strategy of hyperactivation.Ainsworth (1978) and colleagues were further able to identify the types of mother-child relationships associated with these attachment styles. Securely attached children were found to have mothers who are at argumentationd and sensitive to her childs emotional as well as physical needs. She formed a secure base for her child and helped regulate stress and emotional disease. Mothers of children with avoidant attachment styles would respond with little concern to their childs distress, and rather than comfort them, she would discourage the childs attempts at achieving proximity and encourage independence. Finally, ambivalently attached child had mothers who responded inconsistently to their childr en. At times they would respond attentively and provide comfort yet at other times she would discourage the crying behavior and ignore the childs attempts at proximity.These attachment styles differ slightly in adulthood, with four types being identified sure, preoccupied, fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. These types differ to those identified by Ainsworth mainly in the distinction between fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. An individual showing a dismissing-avoidant style maintains a positive view of self and a prohibit view of others, while those with a fearful-avoidant styles holds a negative view of both self and others.Main, Kaplan and Cassidy (1985) were the first to demonstrate how early attachment styles, formed during babyhood, are generalised to an individuals future relationships in adulthood. These researchers described how mental representations of the self and others, formed in infancy, are used to cry and interpret attachment-related situations. Acco rding to this line of thought, a individual who experienced rejection in infancy will carry this experience into adult relationships. They will feel unmerited of love, and moreover, that others are incapable of loving them.Attachment styles are also shown to influence such things as self-esteem, self-efficacy and socializing abilities. In a study by Kaplan and Sadock (1998) these researchers show how securely attached adolescents are more socially alter than those with avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment styles. Furthermore, these researchers note how low self-esteem, abject social relatedness, and emotional vulnerability to stress are associated with insecure attachments during the first year of life (147).The development of theory of mind is also impede in attachment theory. Theory of mind is the understanding that each person has heir own, separate beliefs, ideas and mental states. Furthermore, it is the ability to predict, with a large point of accuracy, how another p erson may feel or respond in certain situations. For example, a person having theory of mind would accurately predict how a person may feel should they fail in an all important(predicate) exam. The development of theory of mind or mentalizing capacity is directly pendant on secure attachment. A mother who responds consistently with love and acceptance to her infants cry demonstrates to the infant that they have understood them and that they are in tune with their needs. This mother has demonstrated that she is able to infer the thoughts and needs of her child. The child then learns this from the mother. This ability to make accurate inferences and to envisage the emotional experiences of others is crucial for health psychological and psychosocial functioning (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist and Targer, 2005).Disorders of AttachmentAs previously noted, tender or unhealthy attachment is a result of maternal disregard, where a mother is seen to be dismissive, unresponsive, and lacking in wa rmth and consistency. People having an avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment style experience problems in developing and maintaining relationships, in communicating with others, trusting in others, feeling unworthy of love. This departure results in disorders of attachment including such things as failure-to-thrive syndromes, psychosocial dwarfism, separation anxiety disorder, avoidant spirit disorder, depressive disorders, delinquency, academic problems, and borderline intelligence (Kaplan Sadock, 1998 147).These resulting problems highlight some of the adverse set up of a deprived relationship between mother and child.ConclusionJohn Bowlbys theory of attachment has challenged some of the traditional beliefs on parenting, such as crying babies should be left alone, holding a baby too much will result in clinging behavior, attending to a distressed baby will result in over dependence. Still today, some of these outdate beliefs are held by many. However, research into the are a of attachment has revealed a genuinely different picture. The tenderness of the relationship between mother and child has been shown as being paramount to the healthy development on emotional, social, psychological and until now educational levels. Children require physical warmth, love, affection, consistency and understanding in order to develop a positive sense of self, trust in the world, effrontery to explore the world and a belief in others. Children learn from their mother, from the rattling time of birth, what to think of the world, who they are in the world, what to expect from the world and what the world expects from them.BibliographyAinsworth, M.S. (1985). Attachment across the life-span. Academic Medicine, 61, 792.Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, 5. (1978). Patterns of attachment A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum.Bowlby, J. (1969), Attachment and loss, Vol. 1 Attachment. New York Basic Books.Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. New York Basic Books.Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2005). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. London Karnac.Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685.Kaplan, H.I., Sadock, B.J. (1998). Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral Science/Clinical Psychiatry (8th Ed). Lippincott, Williams Wilkins, Maryland.Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for query in Child Development, 50, 66-104.