Introduction to Atmospheric Modelling

existence to Atmospheric ModellingYazdan M.AttaeiABSTRACTAn atmospherical position is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future cartridge clips at give locations and altitudes. Within any modern model is a set of compargons, cognise as the rough comparabilitys, employ to predict the future domain of the melodic phrase 2. These equations (along with the ideal gas law) atomic number 18 used to evolve the density, pressure, and potential temperature scalar fields and the air velocity (wind) vector field of the air sway by dint of age. The equations used be nonli approximately percential derivative equations which be impossible to solve consumely through analytical methods, with the exception of a hardly a(prenominal) idealized cases 3. Therefore, quantitative methods atomic number 18 used to obtain approximate events.In this work, we study the vex and Wave equations as deuce important aspects when study meteorology and atmospher ic modeling. We assume an idealized demesne with certain term find outs and sign grades in edict to predict the evolution of temperature and brood the reel propagation in the atmosphere.Keywords Atmospheric model, exhaustible rest method, Heat equation, Wave equation.IntroductionAn atmospheric model is a numeral model constructed around the full set of rude dynamical equations (equations for preservation of momentum, thermic energy and mass) which govern atmospheric motions. In general, nearly all forms of the primitive equations relate the five variables n, u, T, P, Q, and their evolution over space and prison term.The atmosphere is a fluid. Therefore, modelling the atmosphere in fact besotteds the numerical withstand prediction which samples the state of the fluid at a given cartridge holder and uses the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at whatsoever time in the future.The model can supplement these equations with parameterizations for diffusion, radiation, enkindle replace and convection. The primitive equations atomic number 18 nonlinear and are impossible to solve for exact solutions and numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Therefore, most atmospheric models are numerical rigorousing they discretize primitive equations. The horizontal domain of a model is all orbicular, covering the entire Earth, or pieceal (limited- commonwealth), covering only part of the Earth 4. Some of the model types make assumptions about the atmosphere which lengthens the time measuring sticks used and increases computational revive.Global models often use religious methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite- inconsistency methods for the erect dimension, while regional models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. Since the equations used are nonlinear uncomplete derived function equations, in station to solve them, barrier conditions and initial values ar e required. Boundary conditions are specified by the assumptions related to horizontal and vertical domain of study. The equations are initialized from the analysis data and drifts of change are determined. These rates of change predict the state of the atmosphere a lilliputian time into the future the time increment for this prediction is called a time step.The equations are then applied to this new atmospheric state to contract new rates of change, and these new rates of change predict the atmosphere at a yet further time step into the future. This time stepping is repeated until the solution r separatelyes the desired forecast time. The length of the time step chosen within the model is related to the distance between the points on the computational football field, and is chosen to maintain numerical stability. Time steps for global models are on the secern of tens of minutes, while time steps for regional models are between one and four minutes. The global models are brea k down at varying times into the future.Approximating the solution to the partial derivative differential equations for atmospheric flows development numerical algorithms implemented on a computer has been intensively researched since the pioneering work of Prof. John von Neuman in the late 1940s and 1950s. Since Von-Neumans numerical experimentation on the initial general purpose computer, the processing provide of computers has increased at a breath- winning pace. While global models used for humor modeling a decade ago used horizontal grid spacing of order hundreds of kilometers, computing power now permits horizontal blocks near the kilometer scale. Hence, the range of the scales of motion that following-generation global models bequeath resolve spans from thousands of kilometers (planetary and synoptic scale) to the kilometer scale (meso-scale). Hence, the distinction between global climate models and global weather forecast models is starting to disappear collectable to the closing of the resolution gap that has historically existed between the two 1.In this work first we solve two-dimensional erupt equation numerically in order to study temperature rate of change which is a part of the equation for the conservation of energy in atmosphere. Two different types of descents ( strong state and periodic heart rate) are applied to simulate the heat kickoffs for a local (small-scale) domain and the results are illustrated in order to investigate results for the applied point of accumulation and initial value conditions.In the second part of this study, two-dimensional beckon equation is solve numerically using finite difference technique and certain leaping and initial value conditions are applied for the small-scale idealized domain. The acquire is to study the jounce propagation and dissipation along the domain from the results which are illustrated for different types of excitations (standing moving ridge and locomotion shake).Overall , the aim of this paper is to show the capability of numerical solutions particularly finite difference method for solving primitive equations in atmospheric model.Heat EquationTo study the distri neverthelession of heat in the domain, we con aspectr following parabolic partial differential heat equation with thermal diffusivity aDomain The idealized 2D domain is a plane of the size unity on each side with the following initial values and boundary conditionsBoundary Conditions (BCs) Dirichlet boundary condition is assumed for all the boundaries except at the regions where the source with T=Ts is taking placeT (0,y)=0 , T(x,0)=0 (except at source) T(1,y)=0 , T(x,1)=0Initial Values At time nix, we assume temperature to be zero everywhere except at the region where the source is applied toFinite Difference escape Heat equation can be discretized using forward Euler in time and 2nd order key difference in space using Taylor series expansions and spatial 5-point stencil illustrated to a lower place gens 1 Five points stencil finite difference purposewhich aft(prenominal) simplifying it takes the formIf we apply equal segmentation in some(prenominal)(prenominal) directions so that and rewriting the equation in the explicit form we conductwhere .For stability of our strategy we need henceExcitation In order to observe the heat transportation in all directions, we assumed two different types of the source. First, we use a steady state source primed(p) at the corner next to the note with dimension of 5 grid cells with temperature amplitude Ts=10o . The second source will be the following pulse source applied for 5 time steps and removed for the next 15 time steps (period of pulse function = 20). This will swear out to visualize the ability of the scheme to rate the temperature at the source region when the source is removed (back-transport of the heat).Results The following figures illustrate the results observed by applying the scheme, the sources e xposit previously and thermal diffusivity of a=2 with grid cells of size (Ni=Nj=50 number of grid points in x and y directions) (a) (b) discover 2 Distribution of temperature (a) t=0 sec, b) t=20 msec, steady state source of size 5 grid cells in each direction.It is observed that for t0 while we have a constant temperature at the source, temperature is subdued along the domain in both directions and it will not set off at any point when time increases since the stability criterion was already applied for the duration of time steps . Also, in the vicinity of the source temperature is remained almost constant or with small variations later on a abrupt large increase due to the adjacent source cells with Ts=10o and the nature of the scheme in which back grid points are included for approximation.When the steady state source is replaced by a pulse source with certain On and attain duration (period) as it is seen in course 3, diffusion continues notwithstanding in the absence of the source at the whole domain including the source region as in contrives 3(b),(d).This is more visible in kind 3(c) in the vicinity of the source but compared to the steady state excitation, on that point is a significant temperature drop due to the fact that the source has been Off for several time steps and temperature drops gradually with its maximum drop safe in front the source is applied again as illustrated in Figure 3(d). (a) (b) (c) (d)Figure 3 Distribution of temperature when Pulse source is applied (period=20 time steps). (a)Initial time, (b)At first Off state, c)Right later second On state, d)Before twenty-fourth On stateThe last parameter to study for the heat equation is the diffusion coefficient. It is the coefficient which affects the rate of diffusion. Figure 4 shows that during equal time period, by larger coefficient heat will diffuse in larger area (dotted circles) of domain compared to when the coefficient is small. (a) (b)Figure 4 The effect of th ermal diffusivity on temperature distribution.(a) a=2, (b) a=0.25Wave EquationSimilar to the heat equation, hyperbolic partial differential wave equation can be discretized by using Taylor series expansion. In this equation, c is the wave constant which identifies the propagation speed of the wave. Our goal is to study the reflection of the wave at the boundaries and the dissipation of the wave due to the numerical solution of the wave equation.Domain We use the corresponding idealized domain in poring over heat equation but in addition to Dirichlet, we also consider Von-Neumann boundary condition in order to study the reflection of the wave at the boundaries. A befitting set of initial values will be chosen since this differential equation is of second order with respect to time.Von-Neuman Boundary Conditions At the boundaries we will assume the following conditions Source regionInitial Conditions The following initial conditions are assumed since we will use central difference in time and two time steps (current and previous) are used to evaluate the value at the future time)Finite Difference Scheme For the above parabolic differential wave equation, 2nd order central difference scheme in both time and space is used for discretization as followsand with x=y=h and rewriting the equation explicitlywith , the CFL number which must be less than or equal to since the coefficient of should be a positive (or zero) for stability of the scheme. HenceNow, back to the boundary condition, by using forward Euler difference for the left and bottom boundaries (i=1,j=1) we can releaseand similarly using backward difference at right and expire boundaries (i=Ni,j=Nj) As we numerically solve for the derived general finite difference equation and illustrate it, we will see that the above boundary conditions are the mathematical representation of full wave reflection at the boundaries. For the second initial value condition we use central difference at t=0 (n=1) and it is derived Substituting in general difference equation we discoverNow, we can apply second order central difference for both temporal and spatial variations for Von-Neumann boundary conditions.Excitation In this work, in order to study propagation and reflection of the wave using numerical solution of the wave equation, two different sources are applied at the origin with the dimension of 55 grid cells for both Dirichlet and Von-Neumann domain boundary conditionsTravelling Wave stationary Wave where and wave numbers . The wave constant c assumed to be c=1 for simplicity, thence = 0.01 in both x and y direction.Results For Dirichlet boundary conditions the following figures are obtained for Stationary and Travelling wave sources (b)Figure 5 dispersion of Stationary wave in domain with Dirichlet BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflectionIn Figure 5(a) the wave which is scattered from a stationary source is dissipated through the domain since the source is stationary. In Figure 5(b) the reflections at the boundaries are seen to be weak because of the Dirichlet BCs. Infact, these ripples are mostly due to the nature of finite differencing. However, it is clearly observed in Figure 6(a),(b) that the order of magnitude of the wave at the boundary is kept zero by Dirichlet BCs. (b)Figure 6 Dispersion of Stationary wave in domain with Dirichlet BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflection, 3D viewFigure 7 illustrates the travelling wave propagating in the domain. The ripples have larger magnitudes since the wave itself is travelling and this reduces the amount of attenuation because of the scheme specially after the reflection at the boundaries the weakend ripples are magnified by continuously incoming waves. (b)Figure 7 Travelling wave propagates in domain with Dirichlet BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflectionFor Von-Neumann BCs, it is expected that for both standing wave and propagating wave we observe full reflection by the b oundaries as described during the discretization of these BCs. Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the application of such boundary conditions for standing wave source and travelling wave source respectively. (b)Figure 8 Dispersion of Stationary wave in domain with Von-Neumann BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflection (b)Figure 9 Wave propagation in the domain with Von-Neumann BCs (a) before reflection (b) after partial reflectionIn the above figures, it is seen that at the boundaries the ripples are fully reflected back to the domain as well as the time when the wave is propagating forward from the source and is reflected at bottom and left boundaries. These would be more visible when showing the figures in three dimensions (Figure 10) (b)(c) (d)Figure 10 Wave propagation (a),(b)standing wave, before and after reflection (c),(d)travelling wave, before and after reflectionTo sum up, finite difference scheme which is used in this work provides numerical solution of the wave equat ion well and the results are close to what are expected for the wave propagation in such idealized domain with different boundary conditions.ConclusionIn atmospheric science, heat flow is related to temperature rate of change and the evolution of momentum and energy in atmospheric models are related the gravity waves as they transport energy. In the Earths atmosphere, gravity waves are a mechanism for the transfer of momentum from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Gravity waves are generated in the troposphere, propagate through the atmosphere without appreciable change in mean velocity. But as the waves reach more diluted air at higher altitudes, their amplitude increases, and nonlinear effects cause the waves to break, transferring their momentum to the mean flow.Therefore, numerical solutions of atmosphere primitive equations play an important role for studying the evolution of fundamental variables in atmospheric science especially since these equations are partial differenti al equations which cannot be solved analytically.In this paper, a truncated study over the numerical solution of heat and wave equations was conducted as a basis for a bigger scale atmospheric modelling. The results depict the efficiency of finite difference method to solve these equations (in small-scale domain) when they are compared to the theoretical expectations, therefore, solving primitive equations in atmospheric models by numerical techniques can be a following work to this paper.REFERENCES