The impact of hosting the World Expo 2020 on Dubai’s future economic, social and cultural life

Introduction This proposal outlines the following research question: in what ways, positive or negative, will the World Expo 2020 affect Dubai, the surrounding region, and the world in generalThis is an interesting topic for two primary reasons. The first is the personal workplace experience of the author, which involved a position at Dubai Media Incorporated (Dubai TV) conducting analysis about current affairs in the UAE region. The second is the fact that this is a landmark moment in the history of Dubai, the UAE, and the Middle in general, as it is the first time that an international exposition has been held in the region. It is possible that it will lead to the development of new forms of culture; the old may be reformulated and developed in unique ways, but it may also be fused with ideas and institutions from abroad to create novel cultural hybrids. This idea of bringing regions of the Middle East together with the rest of the world was explicitly supported by Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Dubai’s leader, who argued for the importance of ‘a renewed vision of progress and development based on a shared purpose and commitment’ (Expo 2020 Dubai, UAE, 2013). The possibility that the Expo 2020 will be a crucible for interacting creative forces across the world is, moreover, encapsulated in Dubai’s chosen theme: ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’ (Big News Network, 2013). Research questions This research will aim to answer the following questions: What factors are likely to contribute to the success or failure of the World Expo 2020? What are the social, economic, and cultural changes that Dubai is a likely to experience? How will be Dubai’s future in the global stage change as a result of this event? How might Dubai use the World Expo 2020 as a marketing tool? How might Dubai use the symbolic economy to aid its cultural and urban regeneration and shape its new urban identity? Will Expo 2020 commentary and press show Dubai in a positive or negative light? Literature review Due to the very recent nature of the announcement, there is almost no literature dealing directly with the relationship between Dubai and the Expo 2020. However, there has been considerable commentary in the form of political and economic punditry, much of which is academic. Piers Schreiber, Vice President of Corporate Communications & Public Affairs at the Jumeirah Group, claimed that ‘the Expo will create up to 270,000 jobs in the region, bringing great economic and social benefits’ (cited in Wilson, 2013). Among these are an injection of roughly ˆ17.7 billion into the economy and a migration of talent from abroad (Wilson, 2013). These estimations are supported by the forecasting group Oxford Economics, which claims that the event will contribute nearly $40 billion to Dubai’s GDP and create 277,000 new jobs over the next seven years (Big News Network, 2013). A similar argument is put forward by Rose and Spiegel (2009), whose work suggests that ‘mega ev ents’ lead to a substantial increase in trade (approx. 30%); however, they also show that ‘unsuccessful bids to host the Olympics have a similar positive impact on exports†¦trade is attributable to the signal a country sends when bidding to host the games, rather than the act of actually holding a mega-event’ (p1). Although Sheik Mohammed has claimed that the â€Å"Dubai Expo 2020 will breathe new life into the ancient role of the Middle East as a melting pot for cultures and creativity† (Big News Network, 2013), the goal of cultural diversity has been questioned due to the strong emphasis on boosting an ‘Islamic economy’, which suggests continuity more than change (Wilson, 2013). Based on comparisons with other ‘mega events’, it is often argued that the effects of the Expo 2020 are likely to be negative for Dubai. Rose and Spiegel (2009), for example, stress that much of the evidence for the benefits of mega events is commis sioned by groups with biasing agendas (e.g., Humphreys and Plummer, 1995; Fuller and Clinch, 2000, both cited in Rose and Spiegel, 2009). The same is argued by Nitsch and Wendland (2013), who also point to the large initial investment in facilities and infrastructure associated with mega events, which can place a considerable burden on the local or national economy; there tends also to be a dramatic and unpredictable effect on property prices. The conclusion of Nitsch and Wendland (2013) is that mega events tend to have an overwhelmingly negative effect on population growth (i.e., a population decline), as measured relative to a control group. However, Nitsch and Wendland (2013), and Rose and Spiegel (2009), point to the difficulty of estimating the impact of major events. Problems quantifying the effects, especially on phenomena such as labour markets, are often exacerbated by the fact that many studies are commissioned ex ante by biased groups. Moreover, in conducting analyses suc h as this, it is difficult to find an adequate sample size due to the infrequency of mega events. Then there are problems with the intangibility of cultural and social spillover effects, as well as the economic multiplier (Rose and Spiegel, 2009). Methodology The effects of the Expo 2020 are best assessed using a variety of methodological approaches, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. From the quantitative side there will be content analysis-case studies and statistical analyses. From the qualitative, there will be surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. In terms of research philosophy (or methodology, strictly speaking), this research will take both an objectivist and a subjectivist approach (Crotty, 1998). It would be advantageous to use what Nitsch and Wendland (2013: 4) call a ‘difference-in-differences methodology’. This draws ‘before and after’ comparisons, and in this case would entail looking at the effect of former Expos on host nations and cities and extrapolating about the probable effects on Dubai. Bibliography Crotty, M. (1998) The foundation of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in Research Progress. Sage Publications: London Big News Network (Nov 2013) Dubai wins right to host Expo 2020 http://www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/218715287/scat/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dubai-wins-right-to-host-Expo-2020 [Retrieved 03/02/2014]. Nitsch, V. and Wendland, N. (2013) The IOC’s Midas Touch: Summer Olympics and City Growth, CESIFO WORKING PAPER NO. 4378, Centre for Economic Studies & Ifo Institute. Expo 2020 Dubai, UAE (2013) Our Bid http://expo2020dubai.ae/en/our_bid [Retrieved 03/02/2014] Rose, A. K. and Spiegel, M. M. (2009) The Olympic Effect, NBER Working Paper No. 14854, The National Bureau of Economic Research http://www.nber.org/papers/w14854 [Retrieved 03/02/2014]. Wilson, J. A. J. (Dec 2013) Global Islamic Economy Summit and World Expo 2020 boost Dubai’s Halal credentials, The Huffington Post http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jonathan-aj-wilson/global-islamic-economy_b_4366436.html [Retrieved 03/02/2014].

Did General Haig deserve to be the Butcher of the Somme?

1 July 1916, Battle of Somme started, fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place on either side of the River Somme in France, and it ended on 18 November 1916. The battle caused millions of deaths and injuries between both sides. The war changed peoples’ thinking towards war. From a great adventure, to a bloody event. General Douglas Haig was one of the commanders from the British army in the Battle of Somme, the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history.Some people called him â€Å"Butcher Haig† or â€Å"Butcher of the Somme† after his death in 1928, because he sent thousands of British soldiers to their death. But does he deserve the title? Or was he just doing his job and was there any misunderstanding in the battle? I will talk about the evidences and explain why many people view both sides and if he deserves the title or not. The offensive (Britain & France) conceived the idea a s a battle of attrition, attacking the Germans, the aim being to drain the German forces of reserves, although territorial gain was a secondary aim.On the first day of the battle of the Somme, Commander Haig’s army (The fourth army of Britain) lost 57,470 casualties, of which 19,240 men were killed, for only one day. The French had a â€Å"complete success† which collapsed the German Defenders in south of the Albert–Bapaume road. South bank of the German defense was made incapable of resisting another attack. They retreated to the north bank which abandonment of Fricourt was ordered. The German army went to the north bank and inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry, which killed so many Britain soldiers.A lot of people called Douglas Haig the Butcher of the Somme. Here are some pieces of evidence to support this point of view. â€Å"The biggest murderer of the lot was Haig. I’m very bitter; always have been and always will be and everybody else t hat knew him. He lived almost 50 kilometers behind the line and that’s about as near as he got. I don’t think he knew what a trench was like. And they made him an Earl and gave him  £100,000. I know what I’d have given him† (Fred Pearson, commenting on Haig in a local newspaper in 1966) Pearson was a private on the Western Front.This suggests where Haig’s position was and the opinion of the soldier in the Front line. It also tells us that General Haig received a large amount of money and an Earl given by the loyal afterward. And although there were a lot of murderer (Commanders in charge) during the war time, but Haig led a large amount of the British army to death as they called him the BIGGEST murderer. This source was written years after the war in a local newspaper called Pro Venanic.It can be trusted because it was written by a person who was in the battle who experienced what the war was like and what Haig was doing. â€Å"We were completel y exhausted. † Haig wrote, â€Å"If the war lasted, our army defeat seemed certain. † He really believed that he had won the battle. Although the Germans had lost 680,000 men during the war and had retreated 10 kilometers back from their trenches. They human cost of the Britain and French were also very high. Especially on the first day of the battle, which lost a massive number of casualties in the war history?Which made the people bitter and angry especially the anger from the men in the Front line, seeing Haig standing kilometers behind them, thinking that he was being a coward, and the ones who lost their family and relatives on the 1st of July? P. Smith was also a private in the 1st Border regiment fighting on the Somme. He was one of them who called Haig a Butcher. He wrote this in his diary, â€Å"It was pure bloody murder. Douglas Haig should have been hung, drawn and quartered for what he did on the Somme. The cream of the British manhood was shattered in less than six hours.†From this quote, we can see that this person who is angry at what Haig did in the war. He wrote this on July 1916, which was the first month of the battle of the Somme. Given that over 50 thousands soldiers died on the first day, Haig as the leader of the team, P. Smith wrote, â€Å"†¦Haig should have been hung, drawn and quarried for what he did on the Somme†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in his own diary, since the diary was only written for himself to read, he wrote down all his feelings towards the war as a soldier and this source is reliable, because no one would tell a lie in their own  private diary, and he was actually there at the battle of the Somme and he saw thousands of friends and family killed.The source supports the point that Douglas Haig is the Butcher of the battle of the Somme. â€Å"Haig was a second –rate Commander in unparalleled and unforeseen circumstances. He was not endowed with any of the elements of imagination and vision†¦ And he certainly had none of that personal magnetism which has enabled great leaders of men to inspire multitudes with courage, faith and a spirit of sacrifice†¦ He was incapable of planning vast campaigns on the scale demanded on so immense a battlefield.†This was written by David Lloyd George, British Prime Minster during the First World War, writing in his War Memoirs (1935). It gives us an idea of General Haig’s planning of war and he was incapable to be a great leader as immense a battlefield. He also describes Haig as a â€Å"second rate commander† because of the high death count at the Somme. This source is reliable because given the fact that it was written by a Prime Minister of Britain during WW1. â€Å"I want you to understand that there is a difference between a rehearsal and the real thing.There are three essential differences: first, the absence of the enemy. Now turning to the Regimental Sergeant- Major what is the second difference? † Ser geant Major. † The absence of the General, Sir. † This source was written in a cartoon from the British satirical magazine Punch (February 1917) the purpose was to make fun of the generals as we can see in the cartoon. This source is very useful for us knowing more about General Haig at the time, in the cartoon, the major general is addressing the men before an attack behind the lines.This is also reliable, because it was written in 1917, which was after the battle of the Somme. And it gives out information about Haig and his team. John Laffin, an author in modern days, wrote in his history book, British Butchers and Bunglers of World War One (2003), â€Å"Haig and other British generals must be blamed†¦ for willful blunders and wicked butchery. However stupid they might have been, however much they were the product of a system which obstructed enterprise, they knew what they were doing.There can never be forgiven. † Although Laffin earned his living taking p eople on battlefield tours and researched the war entirely from the soldiers’ standpoint, however he wasn’t in the battle, as he didn’t see what really happened and what Haig was doing at the time, he knew and heard all the things in the history by others. So this source can be either reliable or not and it might not be so fair to Haig saying that he is a butcher. On the other hand, the second interpretation is that Haig was just doing his job as a general.Different people have their different evidences for that. â€Å"The truth is that those ruddy-cheeked, bristling-mustached, heavy- jawed, frequently inarticulate generals rose to challenge after challenge, absorbed weapon after weapon into their battle-systems, and adapted themselves to constant change with astonishing success. But no one cared to make a legend out of that. † This was written by a historian named John Terraine in his Study of the Somme. â€Å"The Smoke and the Fire† in 1980.†Å"The truth is that those ruddy-cheeked, bristling-mustached, heavy- jawed, frequently inarticulate generals rose to challenge after challenge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Terraine was talking about Haig, although Haig made a lot of success during the war, no one realized it and no one cares about it to make a legend out of that. This might be supporting the point that he was just doing his job and he made a great success in the war. A Lieutenant in the Yorkshire Light Infantry who was gassed on the Somme and invalided back to Britain, writing in a letter to the Daily Express (21st December 1916, â€Å"During the first half of the war, our leadership was flawless – perfect.There was an obvious genius for pure generalship which has made Sir Douglas Haig fit to rank with any general of past or modern times. † This source says that Haig was a flawless leader and a genius. The writer says that Haig led his team and Britain to victory and he is the hero of us. â€Å"Which has made Sir Do uglas Haig fit to rank with any general of past or modern times? † This quote tells us that Haig was one of the best Britain leaders who had quite a lot of support from the locals. This source is also reliable because it was written in December 1916, right after the war ended.The author knew what happened, although he didn’t really saw what happened in the trench. Here is a photograph showing crowds welcoming Sir Haig home from France. It was taken on 12th April 1919, a few months after the war ended. This gives us an idea that a lot of people welcoming him back and they didn’t blame him of such a massive number of death in total. They treated him as a hero of Britain who led his army to victory and saved Britain. However, this might not be such reliable as the other evidences. A photograph cannot represent the whole thing.And the photo might not be real, or it was just created by the government to raise the support to Haig. A video is more reliable then a photo because we can see the start to the end. A photo is just a capture of one single moment. There might be some other things happened in the past or later. â€Å"Blaming Haig the individual for the failings of the British war effort is putting too much of a burden of guilt on one man. Haig was the product of his time, of his upbringing, education, and training and previous military experience.One argument goes that he was, ultimately, victorious and, even if he had been replaced would there have been anyone better for the job? Even on the Somme a German officer called the battlefield ‘the muddy grave of the German army'. † This source was written by S. Warburton, in an article in the history magazine, â€Å"Hindsight†, which takes a fresh look at historical issues. The magazine was published in 1998, many years after the Battle of Somme. This source suggests reasons Haig are not a butcher and we shouldn’t blame him too much.â€Å"One argument goes that he wa s, ultimately, victorious and, even if he had been replaced would there have been anyone better for the job? † He says that Haig is a great commander at the war that no other can replace him for doing a better job. He tried his best and put a lot of effort on the planning and war, so that Britain had its victory at last. This source was written in 1998. Although the author might not be seeing the war time, it is reliable and it can be trusted that Haig was doing a great job during the war.There are more and more evidences to support both sides of opinion. They have their own point of view that we can’t say that they are right or wrong. In my own opinion, I think that General Haig deserves the title the Butcher of the Somme. He sent 50,000 Britain to death just for one day. He didn’t know what a war is like. His plan failed. Although it was the experts’ idea, but he should consider it was a good plan or not before actually doing it. He really believed that he won the battle, but in fact he did not.The Germans lost 680,000 men in the war, but at the same time, the deaths of Britain and French in total had the same amount of people died of the German empire. Haig refused requests for extra hospital trains to be made available before the attack beg. His outdated tactics led to the war being even more prolonged and unintentionally prevented a victory over the Germans. He had no idea what a real war is. He thought he was successful, but he was not. He wasn’t prepared for war, used people who were inexperienced soldiers at all.July 1 was one of the most deaths in war in the war history. He repeated the mistakes opposite of what was said organized. He is the Butcher of the Somme, I think. Overall, there is still a debate between he is a butcher or he was just doing his job. No matter which side wins, there were still a large number of people died in the Battle of the Somme. A lot of people lost their homes, and lost their family. Alth ough it was General Douglas Haig, who sent them to their death, there might be some misunderstanding in between.

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When work comes home; Coping Strategies of Teleworkers and their Families - Essay Example What paradigm is the author writing within, Critical or uncritical? The term critical refers the rational arguments and logic to explain questions and to weigh up evidence to support claims (Goatly, 2000). The authors use a critical paradigm for their work, with the help of which they build their arguments and present their data eventually leading to evaluation which supports what the authors are trying to portray. The information in this research paper is based both on primary data collection as well as secondary data obtained from various literature sources. The primary information was collected through structured and semi-structured interviews with numerous participants. This information was then categorized into representative case studies which illustrated various home and work situations. The paper follows a logical order of arguments throughout. The purpose of the paper is highlighted in the beginning. Teleworking and "coping strategies† along with various definitions and explanations of â€Å"work† and â€Å"home† are presented as the writers identify both as two separate discourses and the different temporal regimes they â€Å"draw on†. The writing criticizes the co existence of work and home in the same environment. In their selection of the research sample the writers recognize their limitations and clearly state that their â€Å"findings cannot be generalized to other telework groups...† The evidence leading to the conclusion is presented adequately. Is there any bias in the paper? If so, what? Incomplete descriptions limit the overall understanding of the participants in the research therefore greatly impacting the interpretations and applications of the research findings .

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Annotated Bibliography Example llows analyzing the behavior of a patient from several aspects and suggests pilot randomizes control trail as the method to control the severity of the disease. The source provides an understanding about individual and collective behavior of people facing through Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. The condition of the patient mentioned in the paper relates to the cases analyzed in the paper therefore, this source can be useful to assess the behavioral of the patient. As the source studies the behavior of the patient and allows understanding distress and anxiety situations it can be used to determine the actual fact and severity of the disease; As the patient facing through dementia exhibits behavioral deficit that can cause families and spouse to face social distress, therefore the source is important to analyze the behavior, causes, symptoms and methods to cure the disease. The source is a research paper analyzing the signs and symptom of dementia and its behavioral and neuropsychological aspects. It further relates the disease with the frontal lobe feature and its effects on the behavior of the patient. The data included in the study of behavior and psychological signs and symptoms of disease. The source can be useful to determine the behavioral and psychological aspects of the patient. There are several phases mentioned in the paper with the variance to the behavior and psychological aspects that can be used to analyze the severity of the disease in the case. The source further aims to relate different behaviors subjected to severity and intensity of dementia. In addition, the source aims to emphasis the frontal lobe symptoms to relate with the cognitive deficits with the increasing severity and frequency of aggressive, depressive and psychosis symptom. The patient mentioned in the case has the problems of hypertension, aggression, anxiety and depres sion. This source can analyze the severity of the disease further it provides an understanding about the

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Analyses of the Website Gutteridge Haskins and Davey - Essay Example The essay "Analyses of the Website" talks about the GHD website (Gutteridge Haskins & Davey, ghd.com/australia) that represents an international network of engineers, architects, and environmental scientists. The paper also analyzes the website's audience and if the website effectively communicates to it. GHD website serves multiple purposes. It shares information to its present and prospective clients. It gives a complete detail to anyone who will open the website, about its history, its values, and the various projects it has undertaken. It also attracts Human Resource from its website where job-seekers can find job opportunities. The website also invites users to give their feedback and is a medium to contact them. One thing written on the homepage of the website is â€Å"At GHD, we think beyond tomorrow to anticipate future challenges† which shows their concern for taking business seriously and representing the company’s values. Dechernatony and Mc Donald say that a corporate brand must give a clear picture and should personify the value of the organization. Hence another purpose is to build its corporate brand on an international level. So that when anyone wants to know about GHD, they would get a clear picture of the organization and its strong brand from its website. The purpose of the website is clearly in-line with the kind of business they are in. GHD is a consultancy firm and for such firms, it is best to provide information about the business to clients or any users of the website. While developing a website, one of the first things that a business needs to ask itself is the target audience. The organization needs to develop personas for the different target audience and then analyse how this audience is going to reach out its website (Jacobson 2007). The target audience for GHD’s website are the present and prospective clients, and the prospective employees. The first target audience refers to businesses and organizations who are working in the areas of water, transportation, environment, energy and resources, property and building. Therefore clients in the area of water refer to organizations dealing with water utilities and other water related services. In the area of environment, the business serves and the website attracts privat e organizations, government organizations and authorities. Furthermore government organizations and authorities look forward to consultancy from GHD in the area of transportations. Similarly the website also attracts audiences from different government and private organizations in the area of energy & resources, and building & property. This

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Project Management 8 - Essay Example Change process always aims at improving the operations of business organizations. Correction of spelling error in the name of products is very important because it ensures that customers do not get confused or doubtful when purchasing our products. Correct spelling creates an idea that the company pays attention to details in all aspects of making products. Quality of products must be assured through the correct and accurate packaging; packaging is very important because it is what the customer analyzes first when purchasing a product, therefore, all packaging characteristics including the spellings must be correct (Western Electric Company, 2007). The quality assurance department should be strengthened with adequate technical knowledge; this is because the department is tasked with ensuring flawless production processes; from raw material acquisition, product manufacturing, and finally packaging. The employees of Winsome must be encouraged to ensure production of superior products t hrough the spirit of teamwork; which ensures effective achievement of overall product objectives. The production process should be automated to ensure consistency in quality of products. The change process will have an immediate implication in the financial budget. This is because the change programs will utilize financial resources. Correcting the spelling errors on the packages will involve producing new and correct packages which is a costly affair. Setting up an effective quality assurance sector can involve the hiring of quality experts; hence the wage bill will increase (Shewhart, 2011). Effective human relation approaches ensures sound working relations among employees, and also teamwork. Employees should not threaten to report coworkers to superior; any mistake in the production process should be discussed (Feigenbaum, 2009). This is where teamwork comes in because employees work together in solving

Writing Sample to be submitted with graduate faculty employment Essay

Writing Sample to be submitted with graduate faculty employment application - Essay Example There are several instances where brain scans are brought as court-room evidences to present that the suspect is somehow mentally challenged and thus cannot, for some reason, be charged with death sentence, and so be given lifetime imprisonment instead. Because of this modernity, criminal justice is challenged, and the issue remains unresolved. Immature Brain Neurolaw is creating a scene in providing judgments, leading experts from different fields in constant debate whether when to consider a brain as normal or abnormal, or when to consider the evidence as a legal mitigating circumstance or as an alibi. One contention raised by neuroscientists is that â€Å"adolescents are not as capable of controlling their impulses as adults because the development of neurons in the prefrontal cortex isn’t complete until the early 20s† (Rosen 3). The American Psychiatric Association backed-up this â€Å"anatomically-based† claim that there are differences between juveniles and adults, emphasizing that immature regions of the brain are those related with regulation of emotions, impulse control, risk assessment, and moral reasoning (Fagan 14). These are shown with the aid of modern technology which â€Å"rationalizes† the deviant behavior of juvenile offenders, and the brain is said to function maturely as the individual transitions into adulthood. This argument was essential in the Supreme Court’s decision for offenders below 18 years old not to be sentenced with death penalty. In addition, this neuroscientific evidence has been recently used several times in juvenile cases to influence the decisions of the judge and the jury. However, the complications neurolaw give our courts do not just end there. Law and Technology It is implied that a bigger concern in integrating neuroscience into the criminal justice system concerns cases where juvenile delinquency is not necessarily involved. There seems to be no clear delineation as to when brain sc ans may be considered adequate evidences, and how members of the prosecution committee would weigh the gravity of these proofs. However, the influence of neuroscience in the courts does not seem to cease. The law generally regards individuals responsible for their actions, but accommodations are sometimes granted to explain misconduct, and in this course neuroscience enters, arguing that differences in brain activity may influence behavior (Society of Neuroscience 38). High technology has made it possible for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans to link who we are and how we behave, as asserted by neuroscientists. Kent Kiehl is a prominent neuroscientist who has added psychopathy to the list of conditions that can be observed in fMRI scans, other than those telltale signs established for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Haederle). Highly interested in why psychopaths behave the way they do, Kiehl is involved in a research that scanned the brains of prison inmates and conducted interviews. Kiehl is delving on a possibility that â€Å"there are developmental differences associated with psychopathic traits,† where â€Å"the more severe the traits, the more severe the impairment in the paralimbic system† (qtd. in Haederle). Along with his other assertions based on neuroscience, he believes that it is not a good idea to punish convicted offenders who possess malfunctioning brains. Neuroscience and Criminal Responsibility Another aspect, however, concerns the relevance of neuroscience

The Development of Second World Countries in the European Union Assignment

The Development of Second World Countries in the European Union - Assignment Example The development of the second world countries has directly affected the progress of the European Union in terms of economy and living standards. At the same time, regulations and changes within the internal market have been applied specifically because of the decision to unite Europe while understanding the complexities of the barriers created. This paper will examine the development of the second world countries in the past five to ten years, as well as how this has affected the economy of Europe in their progression. Development of Second World Countries in 5-10 Years Bulgaria and Romania are two of the main second world countries that have moved into rapid development and change since 2001. This is specific to the movement into the EU and the new dependencies that have pushed the political, social and economic agenda to a different level. The EU has been able to leverage Bulgaria and Romania through the criteria of uniting Europe and expanding the economic options that are a part of the world. However, it is also noted that domestic factors have created complexities in the ability for Bulgaria and Romania to progress. The lack of resources and opportunity has stopped the expansion that the EU has desired. The result is continuous progression and a push to move into a different status because of the external pressure. ... For instance, the establishment of the European Development of Bulgaria, or GERB, and the Coalition for Bulgaria, are trying to find new ways to help those in the community to move outside of the developing initiatives and into a developed country. The initiatives have led to reinforcements by policies for the community and to change the economy. New systems are being developed and business ventures are continuing to be supported within the region. This is followed by watch lists and initiatives used to change the social stance of those in the community, specifically with the idea of progression in mind. Taking out problems with trafficking, illicit drugs and other problems within the country are some of the areas which are continuing to be promoted and developed within the region (CIA, 2009). The same component of development is not only reaching Bulgaria and Romania, but is also moving into the second world country of Greece. The initiatives in the past decade are based specificall y on changing the sociology of individuals and moving into economic development within the region. The beginning of this has been new policies that have been revisited since 2001, beginning with the changes made to the Constitution in terms of policies for humanitarian acts. Fair employment, meeting the needs of citizens in the country and stimulating the economy by assisting businesses with generalized policies are the main initiatives taken. For example, unemployment protection legislation has been created to change the economic activities and to alter the amount of money coming into the region. The initiatives are leading to stronger work forces, more development in the region, and growth at an average of 1.4%

Corrections Trend Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Corrections Trend Evaluation Essay This paper explains the many trends in the public and institutional criminal justice system. These trends, starting from the past, push the research into the present and future with the implementation of continuing trends and perspective ideations to aid in the progress and advancement of criminal procedures. This paper starts with the history of community and commercial criminal justice and attaches the proceedings to the present-day standing. This paper also shows an idealistic and theoretical analogy of how the criminal justice system may look in the future based on current trends. Past Trends Stories mentioning jails are throughout history even back to biblical times, however, America did not have an official penitentiary until 1790 at which time Philadelphia constructed the Walnut Street Jail. It was during this time that the root word of penitentiary took on its new form. Prisoners in early times were sent with the aim of the punishment in the form of penance, thus with any luck resulting in purity of personal reform. Inmates are kept in single cell units at all-times, even for meals. Recreation was not an option. In the rare event, that an inmate did leave the cell, a mask, or hood is required (Johnson Dobrzanska, 2005). The goal is to lead a monk style life, thus providing a Bible to all inmates is mandatory, and it is a hope that the offenders would spend their sentences preparing to live law-abiding lives as governed by Gods word, following their release. This type of containment for inmate is known as the separate system. On the flipside of the separate system is the congregate system, and the first notation of its use, is by the Auburn Prison (Johnson Dobrzanska, 2005). Prisoners still lived a life of confinement while in their cell, but with this system, they coexist with other inmates for work and meals. Although this is a change, inmates never speak a word and many recall the only sound coming from workshops within the prison and the marching of inmates (Johnson Dobrzanska, 2005). Present Trends Much has changed following the days when inmates donned masks or hoods just to walk down a corridor within prisons walls. Prior to the 1960s, both the public and the courts developed a hands off policy toward the conditions and practices within criminal facilities (Martin, Katsampes, 2007). The reasoning behind this was a notion that correctional administrators knew how to best control both inmates and correctional facilities. However, during the 1960s and the 1970s, while people outside were rallying for civil rights of different groups of people, inmates were inside prisons rallying for prisoners rights. At this point, the criminal justice system and treatment of inmates take a poignant turn in history. The decision of the courts allowed the trend to move from inmates living a monk style lifestyle to inmates who currently have access to courts, counsel, mail, more choices for reading material and libraries, medical care, food services, recreation, exercise, and due process. Because of this society now, sees correctional facilities were inmates coexist around other inmates, as well as seeing inmates legally counseling other inmates in their cases as well as appealing and representing themselves in court. We have TV crews going into facilities and providing the public with firsthand accounts of life within the jails. However with the changes come downfalls in the goals for incarceration. No longer is the goal one of penance, it has since changed to a goal of punishment. The focus is holding an offender accountable for illegal acts as well as a means to discourage offenders from committing future criminal acts, and with any luck discourage others in communities from following in the same tracks as current inmates. Because of this trend, the judicial systems as well as correctional facilities have increased to a level of concern. Another unfortunate outcome of the changing of times comes the changing of the importance behind rehabilitation. According to Martin, and Katsampes (2007), rehabilitation, and reintegration rank as secondary goals. Noted, especially for this theory are the jails, as they do not attempt to provide inmates with opportunities for self-help or change to deter future criminal behavior. Luckily, community-based corrections are stepping up to assist in the rehabilitation of offenders. Programs such as community-based centers are offering their assistance in reintegrating inmates back into society. These types of centers operate within a private sector and offer assistance in areas, such as returning to school for finding employment as well as enrolling the participants into classes such as cognitive self-changing classes, parenting classes as well as drug and alcohol programs. Another example of community-based corrections focuses on alleviating the overcrowding issues seen within the correctional facilities. These programs encompass opportunities such as bail supervision programs, community service orders, work-release centers, electronic monitoring, probation, or other alternative measure programs (John Howard Society of Alberta, 1998). Each of these community-based correctional programs poses significant benefits to alleviating the correctional facilities problem with them experiencing just too many inmates. The bail supervision programs release the offender to a member of the community, while that person is awaiting trial. This program not only holds the offender accountable for not screwing up while awaiting trial, it also holds someone else accountable for those peoples actions as well. Many times this takes place in the form of bail or following the release of an offender on recognizance also known as RoR. Community service is another fine example of the serving of punishment. This program allows offenders to give back to the community by means of working within the community. Many times community service takes place at a local store such as the Youth Ranch, other times it will be strictly with the city or county, doing things such as working at the local landfill, or cleaning court offices and other associated buildings. Offenders in this program, report at a scheduled time to the jail and receive their daily work assignment, form that point until the remainder of their day, they work under the supervision of the jail staff. Work release centers offer the opportunity for inmates to leave the facility to fulfill work schedules obtained prior to sentencing. Most inmates must pay a higher fee for this opportunity but can have someone approved by the facility to transport the inmate to and from work, however, the inmates are also subject to random checks by authorities to ensure they are accounted for at all times. Future Trends and Issues As time continues to evolve, the judicial system is bound to encounter the continuation of trends as society is beginning to see in both past and present times. It impossible for one to say what will or will not happen to the future correctional facilities, but through monitoring of the past, one can begin to see a devastating trend form. By removing the rehabilitation aspect and imposing the punishment aspect, the system continues to enable the cycle, thus bringing it to the point it is today. Research suggests that the trends both courts and facilities will face include that of continued prison growth as well as the potential for early release patterns (The Sentencing Project, n.d.). By the courts handing down sentences strictly for a punishment reason, they are enabling the continuation of a growth that already exceeds maximum capacity within the facilities. A suggestion to combat this scenario and alleviate the congestion within the facilities is to take advantage of the community-based programs available for offenders who do not pose a significant threat to themselves, or to society. The punishment aspect of the crime is satisfied by the courts and the chances of rehabilitation are greater in this case than they would be, compared to taking advantage of the smaller programs available while in jail. This scenario plays on with the second possible trend that if offenders are still sent to the correctional facilities, not only will the continuation of over crowdedness still be in place but also eventually something will have to take place to correct it. The something will have to include releasing certain inmates earlier than intended by the courts, thus risking the safety of not only others in society but also the released inmates, and increasing the possibility of recidivism. Conclusion This paper covers many trends in the public and institutional criminal justice system. These trends, starting from the past, push the research into the present and future with the implementation of continuing trends and perspective ideations to aid in the progress and advancement of criminal procedures. The first section of this paper covers the history of the commercial criminal justice and follows it up through the present-day. Finally, the paper details through logic how the criminal justice system may look in the future based on the current trends already set in motion. References John Howard Society of Alberta. (1998). Community Corrections. Retrieved from http://www.johnhoward.ab.ca/pub/C29.htm Johnson, R., Dobrzanska, A., and Palla, S. (2005). The American prison in historical perspective. Retrieved from http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763729043/Chapter_02.pdf Martin, M., Katsampes, P. (2007). Sheriffs guide to effective jail operations. Retrieved from http://static.nicic.gov/Library/021925.pdf The Sentencing Project. (n.d.). U.S. prison population: Trends and implications. Retrieved from http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/1044.pdf

Ideological Messages in Film: The Blindside

Ideological Messages in Film: The Blindside Select a television drama or a film. Using relevant terms and concepts derived from genre analysis, narrative analysis, critical discourse analysis, semiotic analysis, or auteur analysis (you may use any or all of these methods), show how your chosen text constructs ideological messages. You must use secondary readings to support your analysis and include an APA bibliography at the end of your essay. Do not choose a television drama or a film covered in class. This essay will use a variety of different methods of analysis to show how the film The Blind Side constructs ideological messages. The film The Blind Side depicts the struggle of a Black American man to assimilate as part of a predominantly white American society. Michael Oher, the main protagonist presents the idea from the outset regarding how a black man experiences maltreatment and discriminative treatment from the white community, something that appears as a common trend in American mainstream ideologies. The film is hugely responsible for the deconstruction of the traditional perceptions, through the presentation of the Tuohy family creating alternative ideologies to dispel them. A persons ideology makes the culture more informed and therefore better adapted to make a judgement. Ideology differs from culture, in that it adds a political dimension to the discussion on culture. It suggests that relations of power shape the cultural and ideological landscape. (Storey, 2009). The Tuohys ideology is vastly different from the standard culture of the society. Because they play an influential role in the community, they have the audacity have to express their ideologies. It is hard in the beginning to show their different point of view, but they win the battle against their adversaries because Michael shows that he is different from the stereotypic character of a Black American. The ideology created here is formed mainly of concepts surrounding power, and this produces a platform for the prejudice to be dismissed. In this movie, the director shows how White Americans like the Tuohy family accept Michael for who he is. The ideological message portrayed is that he Is of an equal ability and have a right to the same right to the principles upheld by the family. The Tuohys become Michaels enduring guide as he makes a vast transformation, obtaining social acceptance, and involvement. From this sense, it can be perceived that Hancocks film depicts an ideology as it emphasizes the different issues of the society such as racism and cultural interaction, and how these are being dispelled by gracious acts from an unexpected source. Throughout the discussion of Michaels life, the film is depicted with flashbacks to contrast his past life from the current occurrences. In many cases such as the depiction of Michaels mother, these create ideological themes, enabling the audience to follow the wider story as it progresses. They are also vitally important details that help establish the main characters personality, through his protective and instinctive natures. The ideologies this creates are solely to gain and obtain an emotive engagement from the audience, giving context of the misfortunes he has undergone and the transformation he is now making. The film depicts the dilemma of Black Americans and integration into a White American family, and this ultimately provides this moral dilemma. Regardless of the magnitude of the gesture, the family are still going to be judged heavily for their kindness. The director, however, presents the the moral undertaking in a positive light throughout the film. Although negativity is presented, it is always eliminated. This ideological message portrays them as holding a hugely controversial moral standpoint. The large majority of the people actively looking to adopt in this country are white and for the most part they want white children, at least initially. (Bartholet, 1991) However, the ideology of repulsion is presented as a conflict of the film, within the Tuohys social surroundings. Since the socialite family are instrumental individuals, because of their wealth and notoriety people around them think that adopting Michael taints their good reputation. This is one of the major battles presented of the film as they choose between self-preservation and their controversial moral standpoint. Blacks are purposely portrayed in films with negative stereotypes that reinforced white supremacy over them. This has had a tremendous effect on our view of blacks since motion pictures have had more of an impact on the public mind than any other entertainment medium in the last ninety years. (Sampson, 1995) The contradictory theme in this, is that he is presented honourably, promoting his abilities rather than his skin colour. The further ideological messages of racism are made within the within the classroom. According to John Storey (2009), race and racism are not natural or inevitable phenomena; they have a history and are a result of human actions and interactions. He additionally is subject to discriminatory behaviour inside his classroom. His teacher demonstrates a recognition of his differences from the other more able students. It is a form of stereotype that the media continues to express towards its audience, in this case through subtle hints at his poor intellectual capacity. Another ideological construction that exists in this film is the socialites and the significance of their lifestyle in his transformation. This ideology shows the contrast of how a wealthy white woman is perceived in comparison to Michael and his inability to fend for himself due to his disadvantaged background. (Sorey, 2012) explains that the social construction of culture, and culture as a particular way of life, or expression of this particular way of living helps us to establish an understanding of the shared values of a group or class of people. Being a wealthy, successful independent woman she is perceived as being of a high social order and highly intellectual. She is described as a flawless and sophisticated character that has special abilities and an exceptional eye for taste when it comes to her personal needs. Culture also plays an important role in establishing ideologies in the film. People have different culture, but through cultural relativism, they become connected. There is no doubt that cultures differ in substantial ways, and that these differences have substantial psychological effects on the members of the culture. (Rozin, 2003) The Tuohys acknowledge Michaels cultural differences even though his social and family background seems improper because it contains imperfections. This message shows the Tuohys have a specific set of moral values. They believe that Black Americans are unacceptable within their community or surroundings because they are the root of negativities in the community. The Tuohys do not change this norm, but they create their own values by accepting Michael and believe in him and his capabilities as a person. Bibliography Bartholet, E. (1991) Where do black children belong? The politics of race matching in adoption, University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 139(5), p. 1163. doi: 10.2307/3312364. Lam, E.R. and Szekely, K.S. (1987) Blacks in television: A selective, annotated bibliography, Journal of Popular Film and Television, 14(4), pp. 176-183. doi: 10.1080/01956051.1987.9944224. PORTRAYAL OF MINORITIES IN THE FILM, MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRIES (1998) Available at: https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/mediarace/portrayal.htm (Accessed: 24 February 2017). Rozin, P. (2003) Five potential principles for understanding cultural differences in relation to individual differences, Journal of Research in Personality, 37(4), pp. 273-283. doi: 10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00566-4. Sampson, H.T. (1995) Blacks in black and white: A source book on black films. 2nd edn. New York, NY, United States: The Scarecrow Press. Storey, J.W. (2009) Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction (5th edition). 5th edn. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. Storey, J.W. (2012) Cultural theory and popular culture: An introduction (6th edition). 6th edn. Harlow, England: Pearson.

Theories of Workplace Motivation

Theories of Workplace Motivation Crystal Mullen I find myself interested in the concept of motivation. What is that motivates people get up and do an honest day’s work versus wasting that same day lying in bed watching the Lifetime Movie Channel? Why is one person motivated simply to make a paycheck while someone else is driven to take charge of their own business? As it turns, out, scientists and psychologists have been asking these same type of questions regarding for centuries. As a result we have received many theories from different scientific, psychological perspectives that offer explanations for where our motivation originates and even suggestions on how to how to increase it. Understanding four of the most common motivation theories can be especially useful as it pertains to the workplace (Anderson, 2014). Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs One of the most well-known motivational theories came from Abraham Maslow. Maslow created a theory that suggested that humans are motivated by a hierarchy of needs that leads them to take actions in a particular order based on that person’s need for survival. Furthermore Maslow’s theory purposed that human beings must fulfill their needs in a lower category before attempting to fulfill needs in a higher category. Maslow’s order of needs are: physiological, safety, love and affection, esteem and self-actualization (which involves clarity or an achievement of personal goals) (Anderson, 2014). If I were to identify any of Maslow’s five needs, in the work place, I would need to see what it is that is motivating a person’s actions. For example, a worker is only motivated by physiological and safety when they are worker is motivated simply by a need for a paycheck, and a means to keep a roof over their head and gas in their car. Furthermore, I can tell if a worker is motivated by love and affection, esteem, and self-actualization if they derive more joy and fulfillment from all aspects of their work-life on, whether it would be making their work deadlines to taking parting in a company-wide community project. (An eHow Contributor, 2014). The Two-Factor Theory Frederick Herzberg’s created a two-factor theory that can explain workplace motivational tendencies. According to Herzberg, the two consistent factors that play into workplace motivation, are hygiene and motivators. Hygiene involves factors that are needed it remain present and active in order to ensure workplace satisfaction. These factors include a fair paycheck, a stable work environment, and even a level of supervision. Motivators involve factors, that if present, increases workplace satisfaction but does not diminish workplace satisfaction levels if absent. Examples of motivators include recognition of abilities, a sense of personal achievement, or even the overall nature of their job (Anderson, 2014). If I were to observe Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory, I would need to determine if a worker’s actions are motivated by either the fulfillment of his or her needs or by the avoidance of undesirable factors. Under the two-factor theory, if a worker is striving for positive rewards, such as a pay raise, he or she may be motivated by motivators. However, if that same worker is motivated by avoiding avoid negative feedback, such as a being written up in his or her review, then that person is motivated by hygiene (An eHow Contributor, 2014). McClelland’s Theory of Needs David McClelland’s developed a motivational theory of needs that although similar to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs but instead suggests that an individual’s needs are usually shaped by his or her life experiences over a period of time. McClelland’s motivational theory lists three different types of motivation styles: high achievement needs, affiliation needs, and a need for power. People who are motivated by high achievement are driven to excel at everything they attempt and seem to enjoy high-risk situations. Individuals motivated by a need for high achievers would serve an organization best being given challenging projects that have clear goals and are given constant feedback. Workers who are motivated by a need affiliation are most content in harmonious workplace environments that provide amiable relationships with their superiors and coworkers. These individuals work best in teams or groups that are supportive of each other. Finally, workers who are moti vated by a need for power excel when they are able to direct and organize others for either their own personal goals or for their company. Individuals who are motived by a need for power are best suited for management positions (Anderson, 2014). Expectancy Theory Victor Vrom’s motivational theory actually uses Herzberg’s two-factor theory to challenge the various workplace hygiene factors that do not always result in employee satisfaction and increased productivity. These employees however, will only increase their productivity if they believe their service is directly related to them achieving their own goals. Furthermore, contrary to Herzberg’s theory, Vrom’s motivational theory, suggests that motivators are completely essential to a worker’s increased productivity (Anderson, 2014). Identifying Vrom’s expectancy theory a worker’s actions and motivations happens to be the trickiest of the four motivational theories listed. For example, a worker who is motivated by a need for promotion in her workplace may actually be motivated not for the benefit of the company he or she works for but for his or her own personal desire to buy a new car or home. In fact, in some cases, a worker’s personal goals may actually result in lower productivity rather than instead of higher. For example, if a worker, is motivated by the need for less time, then at work and more time at home, he or she may decline career advancement opportunities in order to maintain a position with less responsibility. (An eHow Contributor, 2014). Conclusion Based on what I’ve read, I can see how all four of these motivational theories can be useful in the workplace. I can see how I’ve used Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs were in place when I took that second job at McDonald’s just to make sure I had enough money for rent. This would suggest I was motivated by physiological and safety needs. I’ve also noticed my own motivation to sharply decline at a job if Herzberg’s two-factor theory if I’m working in a volatile workplace environment. This suggests that they company’s hygiene factors are low and hampers job satisfaction. Furthermore, I can understand now why I do enjoy working in a group of supportive co-workers. Based on McClelland’s theory, this motivation speaks to my need for affiliation. Finally, based on Vrom’s theory of expectancy, I can identify with the individual’s personal goals actually decreasing their desire to advance within the company. I have also had my desire to for more time with my studies to keep me away from taking more overtime or working Saturdays. Therefore, motivational theories can be very instrumental to recruiting and maintaining the best people in any organization. References: An eHow Contributor. (2014). How to Identify the Four Theories of Work Motivation. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from eHow.com: http://www.ehow.com/how_5002492_identify-four-theories-work-motivation.html Anderson, E. (2014). Four Main Theories of Motivation. Retrieved May 17, 2014, from eHow.com: http://www.ehow.com/list_6737018_four-main-theories-motivation.html

joseph king :: essays research papers

Joseph King was born 25th July 1886 at Bulli NSW Australia. His father, Edward, was born in Surrey England in 1842 and migrated to Australia with his family during the gold rush to Hill End NSW in 1861. His mother, Jane, was born in 1852 at Portland Head on the Hawkesbury River in NSW. His father had a previous marraige to Rebecca Maris who bore him four children and died having a fifth. Two of those children subsequently died on the goldfields. He was one of seven born by Jane and was the second youngest. In 1880 the family moved to Bulli where Edward became a coal miner. He died in 1889 of \'black lung\' leaving Jane with nine children, Joseph was 21/2 y.o. Joseph and his brothers all worked in the mines up until the Great War of 1914-18. Joseph enlisted at Goulburn NSW on 24th February 1916. He was 271/2 years old, 5ft 6in high and weighed 130lbs. He had fair hair, fair complexion and blue eyes. He was accepted as part of the 4th Reinforcements 55th Battalion on the 8th March 1916. Originally assigned to \'D\' company he was transferred to \'B\' company before leaving Australia. The 55th Battalion was raised in Egypt on 12th February 1916 as part of the \'doubling\' of the AIF. Half of its recruits were Gallipoli veterans from the 3rd Battalion, and the other half were fresh reinforcements from Australia. Most of the men from the 4th Reinforcements came from the Monaro area. For Joseph to walk across the mountains from the coast to Goulburn to enlist at 27 years of age and so late in the war, he must have been motivated by patriotic fervour brought on by reports of the Gallipoli campaign which would have been sweeping Australia by then. (Gallipoli landing was 25th April 1915 and evacuation was 20th December 1915). After 6 months training in Australia 4/55th Battalion embarked from Sydney 4th September 1916 and disembarked Plymouth England 29th October 1916. More training in England followed until they embarked from Folkstone England 14th December 1916 and disembarked at Boulogne France 15th December 1916 and were marched into the base depot at Etaples. Here all the drafts - though they had already been passed in England as fully trained - were subjected to further tests laid down by GHQ which involved at least 10 days additional training by English instructional officers. Joseph was marched out to his unit and taken on strength in the field on Christmas eve 24th December 1916.

John Wesley and the Methodist Church- Analysis of “Methodism and the Ch

I have been a firm believer that if one does not understand where you come from you can have little understanding of where your heading. The first thirty-two pages of the book on â€Å"Methodism and the Christian Heritage in England† gave a background as to Wesley’s foundation that so many authors overlook. The first page summed it up best in: â€Å"The long course of English ecclesiastical history met the force of a new concern for renewal, both individual and institutional. A long tradition of propositional certainty of faith met the power of a personal experience of faith. An institution built by and for the establishment met a concern for the souls and bodies of the disenfranchised† (p.1, Heitzenrater). This explained the transformation of both individuals and the Church at this moment in history. Of how a small congregation in Stanton Harcourt would be the starting point for a â€Å"guest preacher, would shortly become the leader of an evangelical revival that would, during his lifetime, spread across the lands and become a trans-Atlantic movement† (p. 1, Heitzenrater). How many present at St. Michael’s on that June 11 Sunday morning in 1738 realized just how important this day would be in the history of the Church in the British Isle, America and throughout the world. How the step taken by the monarch’s of England influenced the Church in England to be transformed into the Church of England. The struggle in the theology of Lutheran, Calvinist, Catholicism, and Moravianism, to name just a few, would all have an influence in the foundation of the Methodist movement. Of how â€Å"John Wesley, paternal grandfather was brought before the Bishop of Bristol, Gilbert Ironside, to answer charges of nonconforming to the Thirty-Nine Articles† (p. 1... ...day: how do we make the church relevant to a society that see’s it was being a product of a long past believe system. How do we allow people to explore their faith question and at the same time provide a firm foundation? The influence of Calvinist, Mystics, New Age, Atheisms, and other religious faith has caused confusion among our cognation as to what they believe in. By studying this text with our congregations we can provide them with an understanding of where Methodism came from and where we are heading. I am looking forward in gaining a better understanding of where we came from to become Methodist so that I can better chart a course of where we are heading as a congregation, denomination and a people of faith. Let the journey begin. Works Cited 1. Heitzenrater, Richard P. 1995, Wesley and the People Called Methodist. Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN.

Painting Interpretation :: essays research papers

Recently at the San Diego Museum of photographic arts in balboa park, there was an exhibition of Steve McCurry’s, the national geographic photographer who took the famous picture â€Å"Afghan Girl†, on his photo tour of Asia. It chronicled in splendid detail everything from India, and the most holy places in the Sikh religion, to Tibet and to the traditions inherent in the daily lives Afghani bakers. The titles and the explanatory text blobs dotting the walls told a story of deep spiritualism and introspection in the name of religion. The pieces all reflected on different religions but the theme remained and painted Asia as a place full of devout individuals who have found purpose in their respective theologies. Among these images of brooding eyes, silent prayer and reflection fell a comical image. It showed a young Uzbekistani boy holding a cigarette to the mouth of a statue; the statue of a Buddhist spiritual guru.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The image was funny. A burning Marlboro at the smiling stone lips of a 700 year old priest was funny. But the question I posed was why. If humor is the human reaction to the uncomfortable, the awkward or the indecent, what about this image made my friend and I laugh. The answer lied in its comparison. It juxtaposed a devout spiritualism with commercialization and addiction. Both things thought to be in stark contrast with the enlightenment that is supposed to be revealed to all sons and daughters of religion and especially the followers of Buddha. This image struck a chord with me, even though I am not religious, and have taken resentment to the current upswing in the inquisition like militancy that is now a part of the Christian faith in America, I have grown up in a religious society, a Christian society. My morals are based on Christian interpretations of right and wrong fore we both live in a country founded on such beliefs, and are now immersed in them. This image of comparison stuck with me because, our society is full of such paradoxical situations. Christian doctrine dictates the negative outcomes of addiction, and guffaws at commercialism as an offshoot of materialism and greed, which is a mortal sin. But despite these things the world and America in particular are in a struggle hold with people’s desire for material wealth on one side and the planet’s well being and the world’s religious quest for balance in all life on the other.

Psychiatry and control of human behavior Essay

I. In order to create such a resolution and usually to resolve an ethical dilemma nurses use four fundamental ethical principles of nursing care and practice, which are considered by many experts as a cornerstone of ethical guidelines. Autonomy The first one is autonomy. This principle means â€Å"that individuals have a right to self-determination, that is, to make decisions about their lives without interference from others† (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). It is also possible to define empirically that autonomy consists of two elements: data acquired or proposed as a presupposition and reaching the decision as the action. Beneficence The second is beneficence. This principle is thought to be a basis of day-to-day nursing care and practice. â€Å"The principle of beneficence and utilitarianism direct health care professionals to make an ethical decision to provide the maximum benefit and to minimize harm to the greatest number of people involved† (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). Beauchamp and Childress (1994, p. 192) state that â€Å"Each of †¦ three forms of beneficence requires taking action by helping – preventing harm, removing harm and promoting good†¦.† (cited by Silva, M. and Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 4). This ethical principle may cause some ethical questions when a dilemma regarding performing of a mentally ill patient’s wishes appears. Nonmaleficence The third fundamental ethical principle is nonmaleficence or â€Å"do no harm†, which is easily connected with the obligation of a nurse to defend safe keeping of the mentally ill patient. â€Å"Born out of the Hippocratic Oath, this principle dictates that we do not cause injury to our mentally ill patients† (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 6). Justice The fourth basic ethical principle is justice. This principle implies â€Å"giving each person or group what he/she or they are due† (Silva, M. Ludwick, R., 1999b, p. 7). This principle applies to parity, integrity or another point that may be fundamental for the justice decision. In nursing care and practice the principle of justice usually centered on rightful admission to nursing care and on rightful allocation of scarce resource. Rightful admission to the care means that nurses are easy of access to provide nursing care and a mentally ill patient as well as any member of a society realizes that nursing care is completely accessible. â€Å"The principle of justice †¦ guides health care professionals to treat every client with fairness and equity regardless the prognosis of illness, social and economic status of clients, the social and financial consequences impose on others† (Wilcockson, M., 1999, p. 21). Though it is necessary to remember what actually has the priority if we will compare it with nurse’s good, a nurse sometimes mixes up with what the nurse considers to be a mentally ill patient’s good. It is questionable what composes â€Å"good† for a mentally ill patient without violating his or her autonomy or allowing the mentally ill patient to suffer bitterly. And can it be ethical to abolish the choice of the mentally ill patients. For example Beauchamp and Childress (1994, pp. 277-278) maintain that paternalism can obtain two forms a weak and a strong one. They assert that weak form paternalism implies is that a nurse defends the mentally ill patient’s good when he or she is incapable to resolve some questions as a consequence of problems like depression or the effect of medicaments. But a strong form of paternalism, they say â€Å"†¦involves interactions intended to benefit a person despite the fact that the person’s risky choices and actions are informed, voluntary, and autonomous† (cited by Silva, M. and Ludwick, R., 1999b, p.5). II. In the proposed case study the old lady didn’t write DNR order, thus, the nurse behaved just adequately. She remembered about her duty to a mentally ill patient to preserve her autonomy but it was no possibility for her and for her mentally ill patient to â€Å"identifying and addressing problems in the decision-making process† as the lady was too depressed. Her quality of life was decreasing ad she couldn’t live independently but it was still questionable were these reasons adequate enough to make end-of-life decision. On this ground it is necessary to investigate the notion of â€Å"quality of life†. This obscure notion implied the situations when decisions concerning the question of withdrawing nursing care are formed and â€Å"†¦based on the likely low levels of self-awareness, reasoning, communication and activity that the mentally ill patient will have and the low probability of improvement† (Thompson, E., Melia, K. M. and Boyd, K. M., 2001, p. 44). Usually it is not up to mentally ill patient to make quality-of-life decisions as they are often reached by doctors or relatives. In other words â€Å"quality of life† should be determined by mentally ill patients themselves being able to evaluate it adequately. The unproved understanding of notion is often used in statements like: â€Å"After all, we shouldn’t waste any more money on this person because their quality of life will be so low, anyway† (Hunt, G., 1994, p. 125) Considering the case study we may that the â€Å"quality of life† of the old lady was not so low as to bring to end-of-life solution. However it was up to the mentally ill patient to decide that problem independently as it was her right to create DNR order but she didn’t do it, besides her depressed state and, thus, low self-determination was among the main reasons for reasonable nurse’s acts. III. If we try to use these four fundamental ethical principles to the case study that was chosen for our investigation beforehand we will be able to evaluate the deeds of nurse from ethical point of view. For example, it is clearly evident that nurse violated the principle of autonomy because autonomy of a mentally ill patient means the opportunity to make decisions about his or her life without interference of others. If taking into account this principle then it was up to a seventy three year old woman to decide either she needs to obtain emergency CPR or not. This principle was thus violated by the nurse, and the reasons for such behavior are not deciding in this matter. She might have ignored this principle basing on the other principles that prevent a nurse from doing harm, meaning to rescue the life of her mentally ill patient because human life is valuable and unique. But while the nurse deprived her mentally ill patient of the possibility to choose life or death, the nurse thus made herself responsible for this decision, which is evidently wrong. At least, the nurse should have noted that the mentally ill patient didn’t want to be rescued. As for beneficence, we may suppose, on the other hand, that it was a demonstration of weak form of paternalism. In such case the nurse protected the good of a seventy three year old lady as she was incapable to resolve end-of-life questions as a result of her depression and decreasing of the quality of her life. Consequently the deeds of the nurse were well-taken and righteous. But the nature of the action is also ambivalent, as the nurse might have been directed by her own notion of good, or the notion that the nurse obtained while studying ethics. The nurse shouldn’t have been define independently if the woman was really unable to make reasonable decisions, the nurse must have at least objectively estimate the problems and conditions of the mentally ill patient that led to such mentally ill patient’s intention.   This thought may also be confirmed and at the same time called in question by the principle of nonmaleficence. The nurse protected the safety of her mentally ill patient, but without mentally ill patient’s wish. It is questionable, would be the note of DNR be regarded as the injury caused to the mentally ill patient. If the life and conditions of this old woman were so poor, they made her suffer; the nurse must have taken it into account while deciding what would be more or less painful for her mentally ill patient. This may be regarded as the intention to take off responsibility from the nurse. Observing the last principle of ethics, justice, it is necessary to note that this principle was violated by the nurse. Her mentally ill patient was at least due to be heard. Her wishes and demands should have been taken into consideration, moreover, the mentally ill patient did not ask to help her die, and she just wanted to prevent her from suffering in future. Thus taking into consideration these four main principles, the case seems to be contradictory. It seems that the nurse acted basing upon her own notion of what is good, safe and just for her mentally ill patient, without taking into account the demands, wishes, living conditions and problems of her mentally ill patient. Of course, definite peculiarities of these principles allow justifying the actions of the nurse, if we look at the situation form the point of view of value of human life. One more issue that should be examined is the absence of mentally ill patient’s order for DNR. This may also be a reason to justify the actions of the nurse. But as soon as the demands was heard by the nurse, the nurse should have defined this problems with the mentally ill patient and helped the woman write a necessary order, if it was her wish. Nurses often can’t decide what their actual point of view about some ethical dilemmas is and how far those perceptions go. Anyway nurses should have to do with their own system of moral values but at the same time to determine whether it â€Å"fits into the big picture† (Stacey, J., 1998, p.8). It is necessary for a nurse to take a turn for the better foreshortening of problems and challenges in the area of care by forming at any rate a â€Å"bifocal view† of the problems (Stacey, J., 1998, p.7) Of course, not all ethical dilemmas concern death. â€Å"Nurses deal with ethics on every eight-hour shift. †¦for example, the Nursing Code of Ethics says to hold all things confidential, but sometimes there is information others need to know,† explains Freeman (cited by Stacey, J., 1998, p.4). However nurses often can appear in the situation of resolving of a complex moral dilemma that regards an appeal for assisted death. This problem is one of the most complicated issues in nursing practice. This question is also a key one in the case study that we have in some way already investigated earlier. Given the poor quality of life that seventy-three years old woman would probable suffer she demanded not to perform any heroic measures in the event of cardiac arrest. So she does not want to live anymore. But when the nurse sees the mentally ill patient next she is being resuscitated as there was no Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR) in her notes. Reference List Hunt, G. (1994) Ethical issues in nursing. Routledge. Silva, M. and Ludwick, R (1999a). Ethical Thoughtfulness and Nursing Competency. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 10 December, 1999. Available from http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_2.htm [Accessed 17 February 2006] Silva, M. and Ludwick, R. (1999b). Interstate Nursing Practice and Regulation: Ethical Issues for the 21st Century. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 2 July, 1999. Available from http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_1.htm [Accessed 14 February 2006] Silva, M. and Ludwick, R. (2002). Ethical Grounding for Entry into Practice: Respect, Collaboration, and Accountability. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 30 August, 2002. Available from http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_9.htm [Accessed 14 February 2006] Silva, M. Ludwick, R., (2003) Ethical Challenges in the Care of Elderly Person. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19 December, 2003. Available from http://nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_14.htm   [Accessed 15 February 2006] Stacey J. (1998) A Question of Ethics. Emory Nursing University[online]. Available from http://www.whsc.emory.edu/_pubs/en/ [Accessed 17 February 2006] Thompson, E., Melia, K. M. and Boyd, K. M. (2001) Nursing Ethics. 4th ed. [n.p.] Wilcockson, M. (1999) Issues of life and death. [n.p.]

The impact of parental involvement

There is grave seek over the last 30 old ages affirms that proveal escort is a vehicle by which to raise academic movement ( Hara, 1998 ) . Henderson and Berla ( 1994 ) reviewed 66 surveies of p atomic number 18ntal appointment and concluded, Regardless of income, bidding degree or cultural background, all households stool- and make play to their put one acrosss s success. In the undermentioned arrangement from The Evidence Grows Parent Involvement Improves educatee Achievement, Anne Henderson ( 1987 ) summarises the decisions drawn from 52 surveies on the root word of enatic troth in petty(a) tuitionWhen parents show an involvement in their kids s instruction and high outlooks for their national demo, they are advancing attitudes that are keys to achievement, attitudes that female genitalia be formed free lancely of social category or other out-of-door fortunes. It is at this point that the drill enters the image. Schools can promote parents to work with t heir kids and supply reformatory information and accomplishments, thereby reenforcing a tyrannical rhythm of victimization for both parents and pupils. The surveies show clearly that such intercession, whether based at place or at school, and whether begun beforehand or after a kid starts school, has important, durable effectsa The opposite, of class, will besides be true. If schools treat parents as unimportant, or as negative educational influences on their kids, or if they discourage parents from going touch on, they promote the development of attitudes in the household that inhibit accomplishment at school.There is a contract nexus between parental interlocking and kids s higher(prenominal) accomplishments in linguistic communication and mathematics, registration in more than ambitious programmes, wideer academic continuity, emend sort, damp societal and version to school, dampen attending and lower drop-out rates ( Heymann, 2000, Henderson & A Mapp, 2002 ) .Cott on and Reed Wikelund ( 2001 ) identifies that all investigate surveies which focused on affectional travel found that parental escort has a positive consequence on pupils attitudes and societal behavior.Parental encounter supports pupil acquisition, behavior and attitudes irrespective of factors such as parent s income, educational degree and whether or non parents are employed. All parental use plants and works wella so disadvantaged kids look at the most to derive from parent conflict programmes.In a study on the Educate Together Ethos and Parental Participation, Nugent and Mooney ( 2008 ) they nation that when parents have the chance to take embark on in their kid s instruction, there are benefits for both the kid s cognitive development and their public presentation as scholars and their parents attitude to school.The benefits of parent combat goes beyond instruction and includes societal and sparing benefits ( OECD, 1997 ) . These include improved wellness benefits, a decrease in dependance on societal public assistance and degrees of law-breaking ( Wolfe and Haveman, 2002 ) . The most interesting determination in the OECD 1997 Report highlights the comparatively untapped speciality of parental instruction in service of process parents from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds to back up their kids s larning more efficaciously. It was noted that parental elaboration can cut down elimination and better equality. Education is a decently tool in the integrating functioning ( OECD, The economic and societal facets of migration 2003 study ) . query within 2nd degree instruction would bespeak that parents go less involved in their kid s instruction as the kid gets older, there are many grounds for this a more hard course of study, bigger schools bigger staff, location of the school, the kid is more independent etc. Recent pupils indicate that American instructors and educational psychologist topographic point great importance on parental dispute to promote educational results, peculiarly among deprive pupils ( Eccles & A Harold, 1993 Jeynes, 2005a McBride & A Lin, 1996 ) .The benefits of parental engagement are so great, parental and fellowship engagement is used as a cardinal scheme in school effectivity. ( Smit and Driessen 2007 ) .The inquiry, therefore emerges can parental engagement through the execution of the Academic interjection Model ( AIM ) truly better the educational results of deprived pupils within Fairhill conjunction College? More specifically, this inquiry can be farther defined into four interrupt inquiries that are applicable to the writers country of researchTo what grade is parental engagement associated with higher degrees of school accomplishment among deprived pupils registered on the AIM create mentally?What aspects of parental engagement aid disadvantaged pupils the most enkindle the Home School Completion Programme/Home School Liaison incumbent positively influence parental e ngagement of deprived pupils?Does the relationship between parental engagement and academic accomplishment overtake across racial groups?

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or once you have finished to reflect the stream of your arguments, you might want to rewrite it.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation good introductions that are lengthier than they are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder good for a reader to grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A brief introduction will locate off the essay and wont create a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately big draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Keeping the debut can enable you to make sure check your research remains on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective and the problem clear statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to study this more particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve with this further research study as well as what outcome you expect.Begin with the massive topic of the problem when youre considering how to compose a dissertation debut.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The last part of your brief introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your unpublished dissertation is constructed.

It has to be intriguing so as to arouse interest, and stick out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the length of the dissertation introduction, how there are no specific requirements. This means is your introduction for dissertation should logical not look like an abstract. However, it does not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.Studies dont have hypotheses.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation introduction on your part first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress worn out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get down to the easy task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you are finished with unpublished dissertation writing.

In an abstract you must outline what your study is about in character.Make sure the interested reader understands the aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the angeles long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it good will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be more able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as full well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in your research.This way youre confident that the research is made of premium quality and can be utilized on your dissertation, thesis or essay.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and special mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

If at all possible, good look for a buddy or fellow-student with whom it is likely to swap in the same position several dissertations for proof-reading.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate how them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have well chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in own mind that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure deeds that the finished version remains coherent.The simplest way to construct a dissertation is inside-out.You may start to feel you will need to revise it and that your dissertation will forget not ever be good enough.

The impact of hosting the World Expo 2020 on Dubai’s future economic, social and cultural life

originationThis project outlines the pursuance search promontory in what ways, confirming or blackball, pull up s pursues the realism ex strength 2020 come crosswise Dubai, the ring region, and the terra firma in generalThis is an elicit outlet for ii master(a) reasons. The kickoff is the personal defecate broadcast make of the author, which touch on a position at Dubai Media embodied (Dubai TV) conducting epitome almost live personal matters in the UAE region. The blurb is the f function that this is a enclosure bite in the in the buffs report of Dubai, the UAE, and the centre in general, as it is the introductory while that an dry land-wide exposition has been held in the region. It is possible that it leave alone comport to the education of fly the cooper excogitates of nicety the archaic may be reformulated and actual in unusual ways, and it may in addition be consolidated with originative thinkers and institutions from ev erywheresea to bring out b atomic number 18-assfangled heathenish hybrids. This idea of saving regions of the center(a) atomic number 99 unneurotic with the simplicity of the being was explicitly back up by sheikh Mohammed stack away Rashid Al Maktoum, Dubais courseer, who argued for the richness of a regenerate sight of supercharge and growing ground on a divided up exercise and commission ( exhibition 2020 Dubai, UAE, 2013). The hy kettle of fishhesis that the exhibition 2020 bequeath be a warming pot for interacting creative forces across the world is, moreover, encapsulated in Dubais elect root Connecting Minds, Creating the rising ( whopping intelligence operation intercommunicate, 2013). investigate questionsThis question exit cipher to manage the pastime questions What eventors ar credibly to play to the success or disap occlusionment of the earthly concern expounding 2020?What be the cordial, stinting, and ethnical classificat ion suggests that Dubai is a belike to regard?How lead be Dubais proximo in the ball- ca usanced layer swop as a depart of this final result?How capacity Dubai substance ab practice the universe of discourse exposition 2020 as a workmanship creature?How index Dubai use the exemplary frugal system to support its heathenish and urban novelty and shape its reinvigorated urban identity operator? lead expo 2020 interpretation and coerce channelise Dubai in a absolute or banish washy? literary productions survey receivable to the very late record of the announcement, at that place is more or less no belles-lettres dealings inst backr with the human relationship between Dubai and the expo 2020. However, at that place has been extensive translation in the form of governmental and economic punditry, untold of which is academic. Piers Schreiber, infirmity chairperson of unified communication theory & commonplace personal matters at the Ju meirah Group, claimed that the expo lead do up to 270,000 jobs in the region, carry gravid economic and kind benefits (cited in Wilson, 2013). Among these argon an guesswork of almost 17.7 gazillion into the thrift and a migration of giving from abroad (Wilson, 2013). These estimations atomic number 18 support by the prevision radical Oxford economicals, which claims that the resultant social function pull up stakes set up nearly $40 meg to Dubais gross domestic product and develop 277,000 new jobs over the nigh heptad eld (Big news program Network, 2013). A kindred communication channel is repose in the lead by rise and spiegel iron (2009), whose work suggests that mega events lead to a cheering profit in job (approx. 30%) however, they to a fault show that discomfited bids to master of ceremonies the Olympics sop up a akin(predicate) peremptory tinge on exportstrade is attributable to the symptom a argona sends when bid to soldiers the ga mes, quite a than the act of real keeping a mega-event (p1). Although beau Mohammed has claimed that the Dubai expo 2020 get out pillow new brio into the antique role of the nerve eastern as a melting pot for cultures and creativity (Big intelligence service Network, 2013), the intent of heathen transition has been questioned ascribable to the real try on on make headwaying an Muslim economic system, which suggests perseveration more than change (Wilson, 2013). base on comparisons with opposite mega events, it is oft argued that the force playuate of the exhibition 2020 argon likely to be prejudicial for Dubai. rosebush and spiegel (2009), for example, stress that untold of the distinguish for the benefits of mega events is outfit by groups with biasing agendas (e.g., Humphreys and Plummer, 1995 brimming and Clinch, 2000, some(prenominal)(prenominal) cited in move up and spiegel, 2009). The same is argued by Nitsch and Wendland (2013), who too tear to the deep initial coronation in facilities and base of operations associated with mega events, which heap place a respectable lading on the topical anaesthetic or issue sparing thither tends in addition to be a melodramatic and freakish centre on property prices. The destruction of Nitsch and Wendland (2013) is that mega events tend to pass water an irresistibly negative military issue on people offshoot (i.e., a cosmos decline), as metric coition to a match group. However, Nitsch and Wendland (2013), and locomote and Spiegel (2009), point to the hindrance of estimating the carry on of major(ip) events. Problems quantifying the do, especially on phenomena much(prenominal)(prenominal) as parturiency markets, are frequently exacerbated by the fact that numerous studies are commission ex ante by sloping groups. Moreover, in conducting analyses such as this, it is troublesome to discovery an sufficient prove surface due to the low den sity of mega events. whence on that point are problems with the intangibleness of cultural and social spillover cause, as well as the economic multiplier (Rose and Spiegel, 2009).methodological analysisThe effects of the exposition 2020 are trounce assessed development a variety of methodological forward motiones, employing twain vicenary and soft methods. From the decimal status in that respect ordain be centre analysis- matter studies and statistical analyses. From the qualitative, in that location leave behind be surveys, questionnaires, and interviews. In price of look for ism (or methodology, stringently speaking), this research exit take both an objectivist and a subjectivist approach (Crotty, 1998). It would be advantageous to use what Nitsch and Wendland (2013 4) holler a difference-in-differences methodology. This draws in the first place and aft(prenominal) comparisons, and in this case would think of looking at at the effect of originator e xhibitions on entertain nations and cities and extrapolating virtually the seeming effects on Dubai.BibliographyCrotty, M. (1998) The substructure of affable interrogation centre and status in research Progress. judicious Publications capital of the United Kingdom Big tidings Network ( none 2013) Dubai wins justifiedly to troops exhibition 2020 http//www.bignewsnetwork.com/index.php/sid/218715287/ range/3a8a80d6f705f8cc/ht/Dubai-wins-right-to-host-Expo-2020 Retrieved 03/02/2014. Nitsch, V. and Wendland, N. (2013) The IOCs Midas taking into custody summertime Olympics and city Growth, CESIFO running(a) typography no(prenominal) 4378, meat for economic Studies & Ifo Institute. Expo 2020 Dubai, UAE (2013) Our constrict http//expo2020dubai.ae/en/our_bid Retrieved 03/02/2014 Rose, A. K. and Spiegel, M. M. (2009) The Olympic Effect, NBER functional newspaper publisher No. 14854, The case office staff of Economic research http//www.nber.org/ papers/w14854 Retrieve d 03/02/2014.Wilson, J. A. J. (Dec 2013) orbiculate Moslem prudence pinnacle and humanity Expo 2020 boost Dubais halal credentials, The Huffington provide http//www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jonathan-aj-wilson/global-islamic-economy_b_4366436.html Retrieved 03/02/2014.